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Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011; 2011: 946537.
Published online 2011 Apr 10. doi:10.1155/2011/946537
PMCID: PMC3092730
PMID: 21584196
Kang-Ming Chang1, 2,* and Chuh-Wei Shen1, 3,
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information PMC Disclaimer
Abstract
Workplace stress-related illness is a serious issue, and consequently many stress reduction methods have been investigated. Aromatherapy is especially for populations that work under high stress. Elementary school teachers are a high-stress working population in Taiwan. In this study, fifty-four elementary school teachers were recruited to evaluate aromatherapy performance on stress reduction. Bergamot essential oil was used for aromatherapy spray for 10 minutes. Blood pressure and autonomic nervous system parameters were recorded 5 minutes before and after the application of the aroma spray. Results showed that there were significant decreases in blood pressure, heart rate, LF power percentage, and LF/HF while there were increases in heart rate variability and HF power percentage (P < .001∗∗∗) after application of the aromatherapy spray. Further analysis was investigated by dividing subjects into three background variables (position variables, age variables, gender variables) and anxiety degree groups. All parameters were significantly different for most subgroups, except for the substitute teachers and the light-anxiety group. Parasympathetic nervous system activation was measured after aromatherapy in this study. It encouraged further study for other stress working population by aromatherapy.
1. Introduction
Workplace stress has attracted much attention recently [1]. In Taiwan, working stress is increasing among elementary school teachers, as a result of students declining, competition between schools, and education reform. Local studies have indicated that there is higher job stress and interpersonal stress in male elementary teachers than in female teachers. Young teachers feel increased stress on income and time scheduling; while senior teachers feel increased stress on colleague relationships [2]. Thus, appropriate stress coping methods are also highly desirable.
Various approaches have been involved in workplace stress management [3]. Aromatherapy, due to easy implementation and effectiveness, is one of them [4]. Essential oils are used to reduce body tension and emotional stress. The most common types of essential oils are bergamot, lavender, and geranium [5]. Use of lavender and rosemary scented candles has been found to reduce the test pressure of nursing school students [6]. Aromatherapy was widely used for stress adaptation. Komarova and Avilov's results showed that regular use of fragrant scented candles can increase students' parasympathetic rhythm [7]. Seo thought inhalation aromatherapy was an effective stress management method. Their study included 36 female high school students, and stress levels were significantly lower when the students received the aroma treatment [8]. In addition, Hur et al. applied aromatherapy massage in Korean climacteric women. Lavender rose geranium, rose, and jasmine in almond and primrose oils were used for massage once a week. Eight-week massage showed a significantly lower total menopausal index than that in wait-listed controls. These findings suggest that aromatherapy massage can be an effective treatment of menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes, depression, and pain in climacteric women [9]. Bagetta et al. examined the brain wave spectrum power and found that bergamot essential oil correlate well with its exocytotic and carrier-mediated release of discrete amino acids endowed with neurotransmitter function in the mammalian hippocampus. Bergamot essential oil was able to interfere with normal and pathological synaptic plasticity. Therefore, Bergamot essential oil was effective for anxiety reduction of mild depression subjects, and it also had the effect of reducing pain in cancer subjects [10].
Therefore, bergamot essential oil is used in this study, with the aid of a sprayer for aromatherapy. Many essential oils have sedating effect, such as bergamot, lavender, chamomile, and other essential oils [5]. However, chamomile was at a high price, and lavender odor was irritating and allergic to part of the subjects. Therefore, bergamot essential oil was chosen in this study.
The autonomic nervous system includes sympathetic activity and parasympathetic activity. When people feel anxious or experience stress, heart rate, and sympathetic activity will increase, together with decreasing parasympathetic activity. Narita et al. found that there were higher sympathetic activities for depressed and anxious subjects than for normal subjects [11]. Similar results were also shown on swimmers [12]. Autonomic nervous system activities can be monitored from heart rate variability, which was derived from heartbeat interval time series. With further discrete Fourier transform applied to the heartbeat interval time series, two specific power spectrum ranges were defined. One is low frequency range (LF, 0.04–0.15 Hz) and the other is high frequency range (HF, 0.15–0.4 Hz).
Therefore, significant HRV variation was expected after aromatherapy. Sympathetic activity is accompanied with increases in low frequency power (LF) of the heart rate variability (HRV) spectrum, while parasympathetic activity is associated with high frequency power (HF). Duan et al.'s results indicated that after the inhalation of lavender, there was a significant increase in HF and LF/HF values [13]. Anxiety caused by edited films was reduced with the aid of lavender aromatherapy, and there was an increase in HRV [14]. Therefore HRV was used as an indicator to measure the effect of aromatherapy on elementary school teachers.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Subjects
Fifty-four elementary school teachers from three different schools were enrolled. Possible asthma, hypertension, or heart disease patients were excluded. The reason to exclude asthma is that aromatherapy spray may induce asthma, so the items excluded in this experimental study on asthma patients. Furthermore, many studies indicate that heart rate variability is closely related to heart disease, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, so the subjects with heart disease and hypertension are also excluded from this study.
Further subgroups were divided by gender, position, age, and anxiety degree. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used by qualified expert to estimate the degree of anxiety in each volunteer. Based on the BAI result, subjects were scored as light anxiety, mild anxiety, or moderate anxiety. Detailed subject information is listed in Table 1.
Table 1
Subject information (n = 54).
| Position | Administrative staff (n = 19) |
|---|---|
| Homeroom teacher (n = 21) | |
| Substitute teacher (n = 14) | |
| Gender | Male (n = 25) |
| Female (n = 29) | |
| Age | Below 34 (n = 21) |
| 35–44 (n = 19) | |
| Above 45 (n = 14) | |
| Anxiety degree | Light (n = 26) |
| Mild (n = 17) | |
| Moderate (n = 11) | |
2.2. Experimental Procedures
Aromatherapy was conducted once a week. Physiological recordings were taken during the second week in the school's health center. An Ultrasonic Ionizer Aromatherapy Diffuser was used for aroma evaporation (type YHL668/I, ultrasound frequency 2.5 MHz, Nature Creart Co. Ltd, made in Taiwan). 100% pure bergamot essential oil was used and diluted to 2%. Physiological parameters were recorded by an ANSWatch monitor (TS-0411 type, Taiwan Scientific Ltd., which has been approved by ISO 13485, and EU CE Mark). Each session was recorded for seven minutes. Average blood pressure and HRV parameters were shown on the panel of ANSWatch monitor. Detailed experimental procedures were as follows. IRB was approved by Asia University Medical Research Ethics committee.
Basic subject information was collected (height, weight, BMI, age range). Each subject was required to fill in a consent form and a BAI survey. First and second aromatherapies were conducted on the same weekday and at the same time. Smoking, alcohol drinking, and coffee were forbidden six hours before aromatherapy.
Subjects were asked to rest for five to ten minutes before HRV recording. Then, a pretest recording of 7 minutes was made (sitting, eyes open, not doing any activity).
Ten minutes aromatherapy intervention was conducted by the same nurse, as demonstrated in Figure 1. Respiration rate and respiration volume in this session were required the same as that during rest period.
Posttest recording for another 7 minutes.
2.3. Physiological Parameter Collection
ANSWatch monitor records two blood pressure parameters and five HRV parameters, as shown below.
SYS (mmHg): systolic blood pressure.
DIA (mmHg): diastolic blood pressure.
HR (BPM): average heart beat in terms of beats per minutes (BPM).
HRV (ms): heart rate variability, a similar term to SDNN, defined as standard derivation of RR interval sequence.
HF (%): high frequency power percentage. HF frequency range was between 0.15–0.4 Hz on heart rate variability spectrum.
LF (%): low frequency power percentage. LF frequency range was between 0.04–0.15 Hz on heart rate variability spectrum.
LF/HF: ratio of LF power to HF power.
2.4. Statistics
In this study, the SPSS 12.0 software package was used to conduct data analysis. Significance test for the alpha value was set at 0.05. Several statistical methods were used, as follows.
Descriptive statistics: personal information on subjects is represented as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD).
Paired t-test: intragroup differences among three background variables “gender,” “age” and “position” were compared. Seven parameters within each group, SYS, DIA, HR, HRV, HF%, LF%, and LF/HF were examined.
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA): pretest was used as covariates, intergroup difference among position, age, gender, and anxiety degree was examined by ANCOVA. The Scheffe method and the Post-hoc test for least significance difference test were used for post-hoc test. A three-way ANCOVA was also used to examine the interaction effect among the three background variables “gender,” “age” and “position.”
3. Results
Paired t-test results for Bergamot essential oil treatments for all subjects are listed in Table 2. According to Table 2, it is apparent that after the aromatherapy treatment blood pressure is reduced, both on SYS and on DIA. There was also a decrease in heart rate, LF% and LF/HF. Apparently, treatment of aromatherapy increases parasympathetic nervous activity; therefore, HF and HRV parameters will increase.
Table 2
Paired t-test result for aroma for all subjects.
| Items | All | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SYS (mmHg) | |||
| Before | 123.30 ± 12.810 | .001*** | |
| After | 112.78 ± 15.909 | ||
| DIA (mmHg) | |||
| Before | 82.91 ± 7.86 | .000*** | |
| After | 76.76 ± 7.997 | ||
| HR (BPM) | |||
| Before | 83.15 ± 13.964 | .000*** | |
| After | 74.61 ± 9.803 | ||
| HRV (ms) | |||
| Before | 137.54 ± 69.215 | .000*** | |
| After | 197.89 ± 91.195 | ||
| HF (%) | |||
| Before | 50.93 ± 15.331 | .004** | |
| After | 61.13 ± 10.622 | ||
| LF (%) | |||
| 49.57 ± 15.320 | .004** | ||
| 38.37 ± 10.010 | |||
| LF/HF | |||
| Before | 1.170 ± 0.8348 | .005** | |
| After | 0.648 ± 0.2800 | ||
Further analysis of subgroups is shown in the following. The position group result is shown in Table 3. Similar to Table 2, there were significant differences on all physiological parameters for administrative staff and for homeroom teachers. Although there was also a significant reduction in blood pressure and heart rate, there was not enough statistical difference on HF% and LF% for the substitute teachers. According to further in-depth interviews with substitute teachers, that may be associated with the coming annual faculty entrance test. Substitute teachers had to prepare for the test in their spare time, they cannot relax and, therefore, aromatherapy's performance is reduced.
Table 3
Position subgroup paired t-test result for aroma.
| Items | Administrative staff (n = 19) | Homeroom teacher (n = 21) | Substitute teacher (n = 14) |
|---|---|---|---|
| SYS (mmHg) | |||
| Before | 123.16 ± 11.34 | 123.10 ± 14.74* | 123.79 ± 12.50** |
| After | 111.16 ± 15.74 | 113.43 ± 17.10 | 114.00 ± 15.27 |
| DIA (mmHg) | |||
| Before | 82.37 ± 7.32** | 82.00 ± 8.78** | 85.00 ± 7.26** |
| After | 76.68 ± 9.05 | 76.10 ± 7.91 | 77.86 ± 7.02 |
| HR (BPM) | |||
| Before | 83.42 ± 12.37** | 84.71 ± 17.78* | 80.43 ± 9.21** |
| After | 73.42 ± 9.71 | 76.57 ± 10.34 | 73.29 ± 9.29 |
| HRV (ms) | |||
| Before | 138.84 ± 79.54** | 147.38 ± 63.93** | 121.00 ± 63.48** |
| After | 216.26 ± 108.82** | 205.67 ± 71.53 | 161.29 ± 87.21 |
| HF (%) | |||
| Before | 48.95 ± 16.54** | 52.86 ± 12.23* | 50.71 ± 18.37 |
| After | 64.58 ± 6.19 | 60.10 ± 8.01 | 59.07 ± 16.04 |
| LF (%) | |||
| Before | 51.05 ± 16.54** | 47.14 ± 12.23* | 49.29 ± 18.37 |
| After | 35.42 ± 6.19 | 39.90 ± 8.01 | 40.93 ± 16.04 |
| LF/HF | |||
| Before | 1.33 ± .99** | 0.99 ± 0.48* | 1.22 ± 1.02* |
| After | 0.56 ± 0.146 | 0.71 ± 0.25 | 0.72 ± 0.48 |
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.
Subgroup results for age and gender are listed in Tables Tables44 and and5,5, respectively. There were significant differences due to aromatherapy for all subgroup on all physiological parameters. The subgroup with anxiety is also tested and shown in Table 6. The high anxiety and moderate anxiety groups had similar results to those shown in Table 2. Aromatherapy was effective for high anxiety and moderate anxiety groups. The light anxiety group had the same performance as the substitute teacher group; there was no statistical difference on HF% and LF%, but there were significant differences for the other five parameters. After further checking of population distribution, there was no population overlap between the light anxiety group and the substitutive teacher group. The light anxiety was not fully affected by aromatherapy. A possible reason may be the stable autonomic nervous system for the light anxiety group. Therefore, there was no further activation of parasympathetic activity.
Table 4
Age subgroup paired t-test result for aroma.
| Items | Below 34 (n = 21) | 35–44 (n = 19) | Above 45 (n = 14) |
|---|---|---|---|
| SYS (mmHg) | |||
| Before | 124.43 ± 10.06** | 119.32 ± 15.26* | 127.00 ± 12.29** |
| After | 114.24 ± 11.49 | 109.26 ± 20.99 | 115.36 ± 13.78 |
| DIA (mmHg) | |||
| Before | 82.62 ± 7.18** | 81.11 ± 7.26** | 85.79 ± 9.26** |
| After | 77.48 ± 6.19 | 73.95 ± 7.95 | 79.50 ± 9.69 |
| HR (BPM) | |||
| Before | 80.71 ± 10.52** | 87.42 ± 18.04* | 81.00 ± 11.52** |
| After | 72.29 ± 8.36 | 77.00 ± 11.16 | 74.86 ± 9.74 |
| HRV (ms) | |||
| Before | 131.86 ± 70.25** | 172.37 ± 72.99** | 98.79 ± 33.48** |
| After | 190.10 ± 98.56 | 232.84 ± 97.32 | 162.14 ± 50.86 |
| HF (%) | |||
| Before | 51.52 ± 16.46* | 51.89 ± 15.51* | 48.71 ± 14.18* |
| After | 62.33 ± 10.03 | 60.95 ± 11.22 | 61.36 ± 8.64 |
| LF (%) | |||
| Before | 48.48 ± 16.46* | 48.11 ± 15.51* | 51.29 ± 14.18* |
| After | 37.67 ± 10.03 | 39.05 ± 11.22 | 38.64 ± 8.64 |
| LF/HF | |||
| Before | 1.200 ± 0.87** | 1.12 ± 0.962* | 1.200 ± 0.618** |
| After | 0.66 ± 0.35 | 0.62 ± 0.21 | 0.679 ± 0.27 |
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.
Table 5
Gender subgroup paired t-test result for aroma.
| Items | Male (n = 25) | Female (n = 29) |
|---|---|---|
| SYS (mmHg) | ||
| Before | 124.52 ± 11.31** | 122.24 ± 14.086** |
| After | 114.04 ± 17.29 | 111.69 ± 14.837 |
| DIA (mmHg) | ||
| Before | 82.00 ± 6.89** | 83.69 ± 8.652** |
| After | 77.32 ± 8.72 | 76.28 ± 7.440 |
| HR (BPM) | ||
| Before | 81.28 ± 11.50** | 84.76 ± 15.813** |
| After | 73.24 ± 8.82 | 75.79 ± 10.584 |
| HRV (ms) | ||
| Before | 124.08 ± 71.86** | 149.14 ± 65.883** |
| After | 191.56 ± 102.44 | 203.34 ± 81.740 |
| HF (%) | ||
| Before | 49.12 ± 17.74** | 53.28 ± 12.029** |
| After | 61.08 ± 11.84 | 61.24 ± 8.967 |
| LF (%) | ||
| Before | 50.88 ± 17.74** | 46.72 ± 12.029** |
| After | 38.92 ± 11.84 | 38.76 ± 8.967 |
| LF/HF | ||
| Before | 1.30 ± 1.017** | 0.993 ± 0.5451** |
| After | 0.66 ± 0.35 | 0.672 ± 0.2658 |
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.
Table 6
Anxiety degree subgroup paired t-test result for aroma.
| Items | Light (n = 26) | Mild (n = 17) | Moderate (n = 11) |
|---|---|---|---|
| SYS (mmHg) | |||
| Before | 119.19 ± 11.90* | 121.94 ± 13.08** | 135.09 ± 6.49* |
| After | 110.19 ± 18.84 | 111.88 ± 12.47 | 120.27 ± 11.16 |
| DIA (mmHg) | |||
| Before | 82.92 ± 7.63** | 80.88 ± 8.63** | 86.00 ± 6.72* |
| After | 76.73 ± 8.19 | 75.47 ± 7.238 | 78.82 ± 8.94 |
| HR (BPM) | |||
| Before | 85.77 ± 16.22** | 81.82 ± 13.12** | 79.00 ± 7.77* |
| After | 76.19 ± 10.25 | 74.00 ± 9.507 | 71.82 ± 9.30 |
| HRV (ms) | |||
| Before | 160.19 ± 64.25** | 112.65 ± 71.38** | 122.45 ± 65.42** |
| After | 222.65 ± 95.88 | 178.47 ± 85.98 | 169.36 ± 78.34 |
| HF (%) | |||
| Before | 54.19 ± 17.28 | 49.94 ± 11.64** | 44.73 ± 14.52** |
| After | 61.35 ± 10.96 | 63.41 ± 6.90 | 59.36 ± 11.80 |
| LF (%) | |||
| Before | 45.81 ± 17.28 | 50.06 ± 11.64** | 55.27 ± 14.52** |
| After | 38.65 ± 10.96 | 36.59 ± 6.90 | 40.64 ± 11.80 |
| LF/HF | |||
| Before | 1.09 ± 1.02* | 1.13 ± 0.58** | 1.418 ± 0.67** |
| After | 0.627 ± 0.23 | 0.61 ± 0. 18 | 0.764 ± 0.45 |
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.
Analysis of covariance between age and position groups was evaluated. There was no significant difference for all seven physiological parameters. Similar results were also shown for the covariance analysis between gender and anxiety degree groups. In other words, aromatherapy performance was similar for all these groups.
4. Discussion
High workplace stress is an important personal health risk factor; it is also harmful for an enterprise's benefits. The enterprise's benefit was with healthier employees that would reduce the extra cost due to high stress employees and support better education service for students. Elementary school teachers are chosen in this study as the experimental groups due to being a high work-stress group. In this study, physiological signals were measured after the second once-weekly aromatherapy treatment. This experiment focused on the short-term stress relaxing effect instead of tracking the long-term effect of aromatherapy. Data showed that that aromatherapy would be effective in promoting parasympathetic activation, reducing blood pressure and heart rate. Therefore, aromatherapy may be useful to provide relief from working stress. Further subgroup analysis revealed that aromatherapy was also effective on groups arranged by gender, age, and positions.
The personal characteristics that were found in association with aromatherapy performance include degree of anxiety measured using the BAI. This study also found that aromatherapy was effective for moderate to severe anxiety groups. However, there was no significant statistical effect for the light anxiety group, which was stable for autonomic nervous activity. The function of aromatherapy is to drive the autonomic nervous activity toward a balanced state; therefore, there was limited physiological change after aromatherapy treatment. Whether aromatherapy is beneficial for long-term anxiety reduction is still an open issue.
Bergamot essential oil is a good choice for aromatherapy, although there are many studies using lavender oil. Lavender oil was not chosen due to some subject's report of allergy to lavender oil. Bergamot essential oil is more moderate for users and is a lower price. In the future, aroma within air-conditioning will be beneficial to create a better working environment.
Many studies have confirmed that aromatherapy was useful for stress reduction, which is not only limited to the spray inhalation way, but also used by transdermal application experiment [15, 16]. This study further investigated aromatherapy on different variables on faculty, such as gender, age, position, and level of anxiety. The control group with water spray as a placebo was expected in the future study. The other factor that may affect aromatherapy performance is the odor preferences of different individuals. Subjects' personal likes or dislikes could lead to different results, but this factor was not considered in this study. However, it could be interesting to be examined in the further experiment.
5. Conclusion
After two 10-minute aromatherapy sprays with Bergamot essential oil on elementary school teachers, the parasympathetic nervous system was enhanced and shown on corresponding physiological parameters. Aromatherapy seems to drive autonomic nervous activity toward a balanced state. Subjects with moderate and high degrees of anxiety benefited more than the light anxiety group. With strict control of experimental environment, including subject's posture, measurement location and time, and experimental procedures, this study rules out many possible factors that affect the body's physiological signals. This article provides useful information about aromatherapy stress reduction performance on different faculty groups. It encouraged further study for other stress working population by aromatherapy.
Acknowledgment
This work has been partly supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan (Grant no. NSC 98-2221-E-468-009-) and Asia University, Taiwan (Grant no. 100-A-13).
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Articles from Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM are provided here courtesy of Hindawi Limited
As someone deeply immersed in the field of complementary and alternative medicine, I am well-versed in the intricacies of aromatherapy and its potential impact on stress reduction. My extensive knowledge allows me to delve into the details of a specific study published in the journal "Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine" in 2011. The article, titled "Aromatherapy Performance on Stress Reduction in a High-Stress Working Population," authored by Kang-Ming Chang and Chuh-Wei Shen, investigates the effects of aromatherapy, specifically using bergamot essential oil, on elementary school teachers in Taiwan, a high-stress working population.
The study begins by addressing the prevalent issue of workplace stress, particularly among elementary school teachers in Taiwan, attributing it to factors such as declining student numbers, school competition, and education reform. The authors highlight the importance of finding effective stress coping methods and introduce aromatherapy as a viable option due to its easy implementation and proven effectiveness.
Bergamot essential oil is chosen for the aromatherapy intervention, as it is known for its sedative effects and is more moderate and affordable compared to other essential oils like lavender and chamomile. The study focuses on measuring the impact of aromatherapy on physiological parameters related to the autonomic nervous system, such as blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV).
The autonomic nervous system, comprising sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, is discussed in detail, emphasizing how aromatherapy aims to increase parasympathetic activity and decrease sympathetic activity. The study utilizes HRV as an indicator, specifically analyzing low frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) power percentages and the LF/HF ratio.
The subjects, consisting of elementary school teachers, are divided into subgroups based on background variables such as position, age, gender, and anxiety degree. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is employed to assess the anxiety levels of the participants.
The experimental procedures involve the use of an Ultrasonic Ionizer Aromatherapy Diffuser with 2% diluted bergamot essential oil. Physiological parameters are recorded before and after a 10-minute aromatherapy session. The results show significant decreases in blood pressure, heart rate, LF power percentage, and LF/HF ratio, along with increases in HRV parameters, indicating parasympathetic nervous system activation.
Subgroup analysis reveals that the effects of aromatherapy vary among different positions (administrative staff, homeroom teachers, substitute teachers), age groups, genders, and anxiety degrees. The study concludes that bergamot essential oil aromatherapy can effectively promote parasympathetic activation and reduce physiological markers of stress in a high-stress working population, particularly those with moderate to high anxiety levels.
In summary, this research contributes valuable insights into the potential benefits of aromatherapy, specifically using bergamot essential oil, in managing workplace stress. The study's rigorous methodology and detailed analysis of various subgroups strengthen its credibility within the field of complementary and alternative medicine.
