The American Dreamof buying a homehas undergone a fair amount of change over the last 50 years, expanding to second, or vacation, homes. But thesecottages on the lakeside, the cabins in the mountains, and the huts on the beach oftensit empty 90% of the year while their owners are banking time for the next vacation—and footing the bill for the mortgage and property taxes.
There is, of course, an alternative to letting your vacation home collect dust when you can't be there: Rent it toother people looking to enjoy some time away from work. While renting can belucrative, you'll need to consider the tax implications.
Key Takeaways
- The IRS deemsa second home an investment propertyif you spend less than two weeks staying in it and attempt to rent it for the rest of the time.
- Rental losses can only be written off against income from other rentals, a private partnership you don't operate, or an S-corporation.
- The length of time you have owneda vacation homeaffects what capital gains taxes you pay.
- If you own a second home for the purpose of renting it, and you have an AGI under $150,000,start actively managing it.
Affording a Second Home
Buying and maintaininga secondary residenceis an enormous financial decision. Asecond home has all the costs of your first homeand often more but withoutthe easy write-offs from the IRS.
If you're considering buying a second home, one of the first steps is to decide whether you will finance the purchase with a mortgage or if you will pay cash. To help youdecide, usea mortgage calculator to research interest rates from lenders in the area where your vacation property is located. Then, once you've gathered estimates of the total cost of your monthly mortgage payments, go over your financials to see if it makes more sense to take out amortgage or to pay cash.
If you are set on getting a vacation home but don't have the capital for an all-cash purchase, be aware that theIRS has closed the loophole in which youcould use a second mortgage to purchase a separate investment property while still deducting your payments as personalmortgage interest. If you intend to borrow for a second home, you will have to take out another mortgage that allows for tax-deductible interest.
7.15 million
The number of homes in the U.S., equivalent to 5.11% of the total housing stock, according tothe National Association of Home Builders and the Census Bureau.
The IRS on Vacation Home Investments
If you own a home and rent it for fewer than 15 days, you don't have to report the income. However, the IRS considersa second home an investment propertyif you spend less than two weeks in it and then attempt to rent it for the rest of the time. It is important to remember thatthe demand for yourcabin in the woods may only come at peak times—the same period you would probably want to use the property yourself.
Second homes seem to be a gray spot for the IRS. All rental losses are "passive losses" or "hobby losses." These can only be written off against income from other passive activities like other rentals, a private partnership you don't help operate, or an S-corporation. Passive losses that you can't use are carried forward until you sell the vacation home. When you sell the property, you can use the past lossesto offset any gains. If you have additionalpassive loss write-offs after the sale, you can claim them against regular income.
As of the IRS's latest guidance for the 2023 tax year, you can deduct up to $25,000 a year, if:
- Your adjusted gross income is less than $100,000
- You actively participate in the management of the property
This tax break vanishes at $150,000 adjusted gross income (AGI) even though most people who can afford to buy a second home will have an AGI far above these numbers.If your AGI is between $100,000 and $150,000 you qualify for half the deduction. Active participation isthe biggest challenge. You can use the yearly deduction if you or your spouse want to become a qualified real estate professional and actively manage the property posting the passive losses.
Be warned, however, the IRS is not likely to believe that you hold a full-time job and moonlight as a property manager. You will need a detailed journal on why, when, where, and what you are doing as a property manager in order to prove your case and take the deduction.
Most people who own second homes would be better served by getting them classified as a mixed-use property for tax purposes and renting them out for only the tax-free 14 nights in a given year.
Selling a Vacation Home
Properties in popular vacation areas usually tend to see higher-than-average appreciation, so at some timeyou maywant to cash outand sell. The length of time you have owneda vacation homeaffects your capital gains tax. If you sell before a year has passed, you will be subject to the short-term capital gains rate. If you sell after a year, your federal tax will be calculated at the long-term capital gains rate.
You can, however, do a bit of a dodge if you are willing to completely relocate. If you sell your primary residence with the $250,000 per person tax-free deduction andmove into the vacation home and declare it your new primary residence, you will be able to use the $250,000 ($500,000 for couples) exemption again—providing you live at the former vacation homefor two years.
Unfortunately, this strategy is often only practical for the self-employed or retired. There are also other restrictions on the use of the capital gains exclusion for vacation homes that have been converted to primary residences.
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If you decide you want to become a second-home landlord, and you have an AGI under $150,000, your best course of action may beto get actively involved in managing your own property.
Tips for the Second Homeowner
If you own a second home for the purpose of renting it, and you have an AGI under $150,000, then get in there and start actively managing it. This means that you won't be able to use an agent to find tenants. You will be arranging repairs personally, but it will give you passive losses to write off.
If active management doesn't appeal to you or your AGI is too high, spend more time at the cabin and turn it into a mixed-use property rather than an investment property. This means that the taxes change with the change of designation—mainly that you can't use passive losses. But you will be able to claim a percentage of the mortgage interest and property taxes as deductions against your income tax.
