Dehydration | physics and chemistry (2024)

In natural gas: Dehydration

In a simple compression gas-processing plant, field gas is charged to an inlet scrubber, where entrained liquids are removed. The gas is then successively compressed and cooled. As the pressure is increased and the temperature reduced, water vapour in the gas condenses. If liquid…

Read More

  • refrigeration
    • Dehydration | physics and chemistry (1)

      In food preservation: Refrigeration

      …of modern mechanical refrigeration—that of dehydration of foods due to moisture condensation—has been overcome through humidity control mechanisms within the storage chamber and by appropriate packaging techniques.

      Read More
  • reaction types

      • acid-catalyzed
        • Dehydration | physics and chemistry (2)

          In acid–base reaction: Isomerization of olefins, acid-catalyzed

          Reversible dehydration of alcohols, acid-catalyzed. Under the influence of acids, alcohols generally undergo loss of water to give olefinic products. The dehydration of ethanol to ethylene occurs as follows:

          Read More
      • alcohols
        • Dehydration | physics and chemistry (3)

          In alcohol: Dehydration to alkenes

          Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Because the elements of water are removed, this reaction is called a dehydration. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming…

          Read More
      • elimination reaction
        • In elimination reaction

          …an alcohol, is known as dehydration; when both leaving atoms are hydrogen atoms, the reaction is known as dehydrogenation. Elimination reactions are also classified as E1 or E2, depending on the reaction kinetics. In an E1 reaction, the reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of the substance to be…

          Read More
      • metabolism
        • Dehydration | physics and chemistry (4)

          In metabolism: Fatty acids

          In [66] β-hydroxybutyryl-S-ACP is dehydrated (i.e., one molecule of water is removed), in a reaction catalyzed by enoyl-ACP-hydrase, and then undergoes a second reduction, [67], in which reduced NADP+ again acts as the electron donor. The products of [66] are crotonyl-S-ACP and water. The products of [67], which is…

          Read More

      ","url":"Introduction","wordCount":0,"sequence":1},"imarsData":{"INFINITE_SCROLL":"156051|1,258694|1,190933|1,166014|1,25412|1,397165|1,457646|1,155796|1,468745|1,204709|1","HAS_REVERTED_TIMELINE":"false"},"npsAdditionalContents":{},"templateHandler":{"name":"INDEX"},"paginationInfo":{"previousPage":null,"nextPage":null,"totalPages":1},"uaTemplate":"INDEX","infiniteScrollList":[{"p":1,"t":156051},{"p":1,"t":258694},{"p":1,"t":190933},{"p":1,"t":166014},{"p":1,"t":25412},{"p":1,"t":397165},{"p":1,"t":457646},{"p":1,"t":155796},{"p":1,"t":468745},{"p":1,"t":204709}],"topicLeftRail":{"topicInfo":{"id":156051,"title":"dehydration","url":"https://www.britannica.com/science/dehydration-physics-and-chemistry","description":"Duricrust: Factors involved in duricrust formation: …that are capable of promoting dehydration and hardening of ferricrusts, whether before, during, or after stripping of the overlying soil, include the destruction of forest and lowering of the water table, both of which can occur in several ways. Aside from clearance by humans, forest destruction, for example, may be…","type":"TOPIC","titleText":"dehydration","urlTitle":"dehydration-physics-and-chemistry","metaDescription":"Other articles where dehydration is discussed: duricrust: Factors involved in duricrust formation: …that are capable of promoting dehydration and hardening of ferricrusts, whether before, during, or after stripping of the overlying soil, include the destruction of forest and lowering of the water table, both of which can occur in several ways. Aside from clearance by humans, forest destruction, for example, may be…","identifierHtml":"physics and chemistry","identifierText":"physics and chemistry","topicClass":"science","topicKey":"dehydration-physics-and-chemistry","articleContentType":"INDEX","ppTecType":"CONCEPT","gaTemplate":"INDEX","topicType":"INDEX","relativeUrl":"/science/dehydration-physics-and-chemistry","assemblyLinkPrefix":"/media/1/156051/"},"topicLink":{"title":"dehydration","url":"https://www.britannica.com/science/dehydration-physics-and-chemistry"},"tocTitle":"Directory","tocEntry":"References","toc":null,"quoteLink":null,"indexLink":null,"factsLink":null,"mediaLink":null,"media":null,"studentLinks":null,"relatedQuizzes":null,"topQuestions":null,"readNext":null,"discover":[{"id":12663,"title":"Which Religion Is the Oldest?","url":"/story/which-religion-is-the-oldest","description":"Many religions practiced today originated in ancient times. But which is the oldest?","image":{"id":0,"url":"/91/223091-131-A986B08A/relief-Zoroastrian-god-Ahura-Mazda-Persepolis-Iran.jpg","altText":"Ahura Mazda - relief of the Zoroastrian god Ahura Mazda at the ancient ruins of Persepolis in Iran. Also known as Ormazd Zoroastrianism,","credit":"© Radiokukka—iStock/Getty Images","width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/91/223091-131-A986B08A/relief-Zoroastrian-god-Ahura-Mazda-Persepolis-Iran.jpg"},"type":"STORY","breadcrumb":{"homeLink":null,"items":[{"title":"Companion","url":"/stories/companion"},{"title":"Philosophy & Religion","url":"/stories/companion/Philosophy-Religion"}],"lastItemTitle":"Philosophy & Religion"},"superCategory":{"id":5,"title":"History & Society","url":"History-Society","description":"Explore history and society; accidents and disasters; the age of revolutions; the ancient world; historic dynasties; global exploration; the middle ages; the modern world; prehistory; US history; world history; wars and battles; sociology; religion and philosophy; humanities; ethics; anthropology; festivals and holidays; human rights; human migration; international relations; politics, law, and government","keywords":"accidents and disasters; the age of revolutions; the ancient world; historic dynasties; global exploration; the middle ages; the modern world; prehistory; US history; world history; wars and battles; sociology; religion and philosophy; humanities; ethics; anthropology; festivals and holidays; human rights; human migration; international relations; politics, law, and government","classId":"HISTORY","sortOrder":1},"hashtags":["companion","religion","history","oldest","Hinduism","Zoroastrianism","Judaism","Mahabharata","Zarathustra","Britannica","Encyclopedia Britannica","Encyclopaedia Britannica"],"hashtagsString":"companion, religion, history, oldest, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Mahabharata, Zarathustra, Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica","displayDate":[2022,12,15],"urlTitle":"which-religion-is-the-oldest","featureSubType":"COMPANION","categories":[{"id":7000,"title":"Philosophy & Religion","url":"Philosophy-Religion","description":"Humans have long pondered not only how we came to be but also why we came to be. The earliest Greek philosophers focused their attention upon the origin and nature of the physical world; later philosophers have theorized about the nature of knowledge, truth, good and evil, love, friendship, and much more. Philosophy involves a methodical assessment of any and all aspects of human existence and experience. The realms of philosophy and religion have sometimes intersected in conducting such inquiries as these. As with philosophy, the study of religion underscores how humankind has long speculated about its origins. The possibility of a higher being (or beings) to which livings things owe their existence has long captived human thought. Many religions also offer their own views on the nature of good and evil, and they may prescribe guidelines and judgment on different kinds of human behavior.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/95/180595-050-EDF2CA3A.jpg","altText":"Philosophy & Religion","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/95/180595-050-EDF2CA3A.jpg"}},null,null],"mainCategory":{"id":7000,"title":"Philosophy & Religion","url":"Philosophy-Religion","description":"Humans have long pondered not only how we came to be but also why we came to be. The earliest Greek philosophers focused their attention upon the origin and nature of the physical world; later philosophers have theorized about the nature of knowledge, truth, good and evil, love, friendship, and much more. Philosophy involves a methodical assessment of any and all aspects of human existence and experience. The realms of philosophy and religion have sometimes intersected in conducting such inquiries as these. As with philosophy, the study of religion underscores how humankind has long speculated about its origins. The possibility of a higher being (or beings) to which livings things owe their existence has long captived human thought. Many religions also offer their own views on the nature of good and evil, and they may prescribe guidelines and judgment on different kinds of human behavior.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/95/180595-050-EDF2CA3A.jpg","altText":"Philosophy & Religion","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/95/180595-050-EDF2CA3A.jpg"}},"typeDisplayName":"Companion"},{"id":6503,"title":"26 Decade-Defining Events in U.S. History","url":"/story/25-decade-defining-events-in-us-history","description":"Which events were the most important in any given decade of U.S. history? This list tries to answer that question. See if you agree.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/94/159994-131-8E828D22/Battle-of-New-Orleans-oil-painting-E-1910.jpg","altText":"The Battle of New Orleans, by E. Percy Moran, c. 1910. Andrew Jackson, War of 1812.","credit":"Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZC2-3796)","width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/94/159994-131-8E828D22/Battle-of-New-Orleans-oil-painting-E-1910.jpg"},"type":"STORY","breadcrumb":{"homeLink":null,"items":[{"title":"#WTFact","url":"/stories/wtfact"},{"title":"World History","url":"/stories/wtfact/World-History"}],"lastItemTitle":"World History"},"superCategory":{"id":5,"title":"History & Society","url":"History-Society","description":"Explore history and society; accidents and disasters; the age of revolutions; the ancient world; historic dynasties; global exploration; the middle ages; the modern world; prehistory; US history; world history; wars and battles; sociology; religion and philosophy; humanities; ethics; anthropology; festivals and holidays; human rights; human migration; international relations; politics, law, and government","keywords":"accidents and disasters; the age of revolutions; the ancient world; historic dynasties; global exploration; the middle ages; the modern world; prehistory; US history; world history; wars and battles; sociology; religion and philosophy; humanities; ethics; anthropology; festivals and holidays; human rights; human migration; international relations; politics, law, and government","classId":"HISTORY","sortOrder":1},"hashtags":["United States","U.S. history","American history","Declaration of Independence","U.S. Constitution","Louisiana Purchase","Dred Scott decision","Battle of Gettysburg","McCarthyism","Monroe Doctrine","Haymarket Riot","Haymarket Affair","Watergate scandal","September 11 attacks","stock market crash","fireside chats","Plessy v. Ferguson","sinking of the Lusitania","Era of the Common Man","assassination of Martin Luther King","Jr.","Britannica","Encyclopedia Britannica","Encyclopaedia Britannica "],"hashtagsString":"United States, U.S. history, American history, Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, Louisiana Purchase, Dred Scott decision, Battle of Gettysburg, McCarthyism, Monroe Doctrine, Haymarket Riot, Haymarket Affair, Watergate scandal, September 11 attacks, stock market crash, fireside chats, Plessy v. Ferguson, sinking of the Lusitania, Era of the Common Man, assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica ","displayDate":[2023,5,18],"urlTitle":"25-decade-defining-events-in-us-history","featureSubType":"WTFACT","categories":[{"id":6000,"title":"World History","url":"World-History","description":"Does history really repeat itself, or can we learn from the mistakes of those who came before us? History provides a chronological, statistical, and cultural record of the events, people, and movements that have made an impact on humankind and the world at large throughout the ages.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/05/84505-050-8BB58BE6/cave-art-Ennedi-Plateau-Chad.jpg","altText":"World History","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/05/84505-050-8BB58BE6/cave-art-Ennedi-Plateau-Chad.jpg"}},{"id":5000,"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"Geography-Travel","description":"Planet Earth contains some extraordinarily diverse environments, some of which are easily habitable and some not so much. In different areas of Earth, one might find sweltering deserts, dense tropical rainforests, or bone-chilling tundras. Each biome and habitat comes with its own selection of flora and fauna, and it may include physical features such as canyons, volcanoes, rivers, or caves. Human beings have built homes in many different environments, settling the area and organizing it into units such as cities, states, regions, and countries, each with its own points of interest. Shifting trends in human migration have resulted in a human geography that is profoundly different from that of centuries ago.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/17/2317-050-758D0E55/World-map-descriptions-Herodotus-Black-Sea.jpg","altText":"Geography & Travel","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/17/2317-050-758D0E55/World-map-descriptions-Herodotus-Black-Sea.jpg"}},null],"mainCategory":{"id":6000,"title":"World History","url":"World-History","description":"Does history really repeat itself, or can we learn from the mistakes of those who came before us? History provides a chronological, statistical, and cultural record of the events, people, and movements that have made an impact on humankind and the world at large throughout the ages.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/05/84505-050-8BB58BE6/cave-art-Ennedi-Plateau-Chad.jpg","altText":"World History","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/05/84505-050-8BB58BE6/cave-art-Ennedi-Plateau-Chad.jpg"}},"typeDisplayName":"#WTFact"},{"id":6325,"title":"How Do You Tell the Difference Between Total, Annular, Solar, and Lunar Eclipses?","url":"/story/how-do-you-tell-the-difference-between-total-annular-solar-and-lunar-eclipses","description":"Who blocks whom.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/41/196341-131-60E24B83/solar-eclipse-moon-sun-space-astronomy.jpg","altText":"solar eclipse, sun, moon, astronomy, space","credit":"© solarseven/Dreamstime.com","width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/41/196341-131-60E24B83/solar-eclipse-moon-sun-space-astronomy.jpg"},"type":"STORY","breadcrumb":{"homeLink":null,"items":[{"title":"Demystified","url":"/stories/demystified"},{"title":"Science","url":"/stories/demystified/Science"}],"lastItemTitle":"Science"},"superCategory":{"id":6,"title":"Science & Tech","url":"Science-Tech","description":"Explore science and technology; astronomy; biology; chemistry; earth science; mathematics; physics; technology, agriculture, cars, computers, engineering, industry, inventions, communication","keywords":"astronomy; biology; chemistry; earth science; mathematics; physics; technology, agriculture, cars, computers, engineering, industry, inventions, communication","classId":"SCIENCE","sortOrder":2},"hashtags":["demystified","eclipse","sun","moon","earth","astronomy"],"hashtagsString":"demystified, eclipse, sun, moon, earth, astronomy","displayDate":[2023,6,23],"urlTitle":"how-do-you-tell-the-difference-between-total-annular-solar-and-lunar-eclipses","featureSubType":"DEMYSTIFIED","categories":[{"id":1000,"title":"Science","url":"Science","description":"How can the sky be blue one day and stormy the next? Why do heavy objects tend to fall downwards when dropped? How are birds able to fly (and why can’t I do the same?)? Human beings have long been curious about the world in which we live, striving to identify connections among the phenomenons we witness and to understand how it all works. The field of science has developed over many centuries as a way of studying and understanding the world, beginning with the primitive stage of simply noting important regularities in nature and continuing through the rise of modern science. The modern-day sciences cover a vast range of fields, including biology, chemistry, meteorology, astronomy, physics, and much more.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg","altText":"Science","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg"}},{"id":6000,"title":"World History","url":"World-History","description":"Does history really repeat itself, or can we learn from the mistakes of those who came before us? History provides a chronological, statistical, and cultural record of the events, people, and movements that have made an impact on humankind and the world at large throughout the ages.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/05/84505-050-8BB58BE6/cave-art-Ennedi-Plateau-Chad.jpg","altText":"World History","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/05/84505-050-8BB58BE6/cave-art-Ennedi-Plateau-Chad.jpg"}},{"id":5000,"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"Geography-Travel","description":"Planet Earth contains some extraordinarily diverse environments, some of which are easily habitable and some not so much. In different areas of Earth, one might find sweltering deserts, dense tropical rainforests, or bone-chilling tundras. Each biome and habitat comes with its own selection of flora and fauna, and it may include physical features such as canyons, volcanoes, rivers, or caves. Human beings have built homes in many different environments, settling the area and organizing it into units such as cities, states, regions, and countries, each with its own points of interest. Shifting trends in human migration have resulted in a human geography that is profoundly different from that of centuries ago.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/17/2317-050-758D0E55/World-map-descriptions-Herodotus-Black-Sea.jpg","altText":"Geography & Travel","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/17/2317-050-758D0E55/World-map-descriptions-Herodotus-Black-Sea.jpg"}}],"mainCategory":{"id":1000,"title":"Science","url":"Science","description":"How can the sky be blue one day and stormy the next? Why do heavy objects tend to fall downwards when dropped? How are birds able to fly (and why can’t I do the same?)? Human beings have long been curious about the world in which we live, striving to identify connections among the phenomenons we witness and to understand how it all works. The field of science has developed over many centuries as a way of studying and understanding the world, beginning with the primitive stage of simply noting important regularities in nature and continuing through the rise of modern science. The modern-day sciences cover a vast range of fields, including biology, chemistry, meteorology, astronomy, physics, and much more.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg","altText":"Science","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg"}},"typeDisplayName":"Demystified"},{"id":9251,"title":"Why Do Some Cicadas Appear Only Every 17 Years?","url":"/story/why-do-some-cicadas-appear-only-every-17-years","description":"Every 17 years a swarm of cicadas appears in the northeastern United States. Why?","image":{"id":0,"url":"/54/222554-131-1976D74D/periodical-cicada.jpg","altText":"Periodical Cicada, Adult, Magicicada spp. Requires 17 years to complete development. Nymph splits its skin, and transforms into an adult. Feeds on sap of tree roots. Northern Illinois Brood. This brood is the largest emergence of cicadas anywhere","credit":"© Ed Reschke-Stone/Getty Images","width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/54/222554-131-1976D74D/periodical-cicada.jpg"},"type":"STORY","breadcrumb":{"homeLink":null,"items":[{"title":"Demystified","url":"/stories/demystified"},{"title":"Science","url":"/stories/demystified/Science"}],"lastItemTitle":"Science"},"superCategory":{"id":6,"title":"Science & Tech","url":"Science-Tech","description":"Explore science and technology; astronomy; biology; chemistry; earth science; mathematics; physics; technology, agriculture, cars, computers, engineering, industry, inventions, communication","keywords":"astronomy; biology; chemistry; earth science; mathematics; physics; technology, agriculture, cars, computers, engineering, industry, inventions, communication","classId":"SCIENCE","sortOrder":2},"hashtags":["demystified","cicadas","17-year cicadas","periodical cicadas","hom*opteran","nymph","life cycle","egg","insects","molecular clock"],"hashtagsString":"demystified, cicadas, 17-year cicadas, periodical cicadas, hom*opteran, nymph, life cycle, egg, insects, molecular clock","displayDate":[2021,4,13],"urlTitle":"why-do-some-cicadas-appear-only-every-17-years","featureSubType":"DEMYSTIFIED","categories":[{"id":1000,"title":"Science","url":"Science","description":"How can the sky be blue one day and stormy the next? Why do heavy objects tend to fall downwards when dropped? How are birds able to fly (and why can’t I do the same?)? Human beings have long been curious about the world in which we live, striving to identify connections among the phenomenons we witness and to understand how it all works. The field of science has developed over many centuries as a way of studying and understanding the world, beginning with the primitive stage of simply noting important regularities in nature and continuing through the rise of modern science. The modern-day sciences cover a vast range of fields, including biology, chemistry, meteorology, astronomy, physics, and much more.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg","altText":"Science","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg"}},null,null],"mainCategory":{"id":1000,"title":"Science","url":"Science","description":"How can the sky be blue one day and stormy the next? Why do heavy objects tend to fall downwards when dropped? How are birds able to fly (and why can’t I do the same?)? Human beings have long been curious about the world in which we live, striving to identify connections among the phenomenons we witness and to understand how it all works. The field of science has developed over many centuries as a way of studying and understanding the world, beginning with the primitive stage of simply noting important regularities in nature and continuing through the rise of modern science. The modern-day sciences cover a vast range of fields, including biology, chemistry, meteorology, astronomy, physics, and much more.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg","altText":"Science","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg"}},"typeDisplayName":"Demystified"},{"id":6298,"title":"What Is an Aftershock?","url":"/story/what-is-an-aftershock","description":"Aftershocks are shaking episodes that follow shortly after earthquakes. But what causes these strange phenomena?","image":{"id":0,"url":"/43/186043-131-27B127B5/earthquake-Rescue-team-victims-debris-aftermath-Van-October-23-2011.jpg","altText":"VAN, TURKEY - OCTOBER 25: A building and car ruined during the earthquake of Van-Ercis on October 25, 2011 in Van, Turkey. It is 604 killed and 4152 injured in Van-Ercis Earthquake.","credit":"© Prometheus72/Shutterstock.com","width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/43/186043-131-27B127B5/earthquake-Rescue-team-victims-debris-aftermath-Van-October-23-2011.jpg"},"type":"STORY","breadcrumb":{"homeLink":null,"items":[{"title":"Demystified","url":"/stories/demystified"},{"title":"Science","url":"/stories/demystified/Science"}],"lastItemTitle":"Science"},"superCategory":{"id":6,"title":"Science & Tech","url":"Science-Tech","description":"Explore science and technology; astronomy; biology; chemistry; earth science; mathematics; physics; technology, agriculture, cars, computers, engineering, industry, inventions, communication","keywords":"astronomy; biology; chemistry; earth science; mathematics; physics; technology, agriculture, cars, computers, engineering, industry, inventions, communication","classId":"SCIENCE","sortOrder":2},"hashtags":["demystified","earthquake","aftershock","main shock","seismic wave","fault","earthquake magnitude"],"hashtagsString":"demystified, earthquake, aftershock, main shock, seismic wave, fault, earthquake magnitude","displayDate":[2017,7,13],"urlTitle":"what-is-an-aftershock","featureSubType":"DEMYSTIFIED","categories":[{"id":1000,"title":"Science","url":"Science","description":"How can the sky be blue one day and stormy the next? Why do heavy objects tend to fall downwards when dropped? How are birds able to fly (and why can’t I do the same?)? Human beings have long been curious about the world in which we live, striving to identify connections among the phenomenons we witness and to understand how it all works. The field of science has developed over many centuries as a way of studying and understanding the world, beginning with the primitive stage of simply noting important regularities in nature and continuing through the rise of modern science. The modern-day sciences cover a vast range of fields, including biology, chemistry, meteorology, astronomy, physics, and much more.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg","altText":"Science","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg"}},{"id":5000,"title":"Geography & Travel","url":"Geography-Travel","description":"Planet Earth contains some extraordinarily diverse environments, some of which are easily habitable and some not so much. In different areas of Earth, one might find sweltering deserts, dense tropical rainforests, or bone-chilling tundras. Each biome and habitat comes with its own selection of flora and fauna, and it may include physical features such as canyons, volcanoes, rivers, or caves. Human beings have built homes in many different environments, settling the area and organizing it into units such as cities, states, regions, and countries, each with its own points of interest. Shifting trends in human migration have resulted in a human geography that is profoundly different from that of centuries ago.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/17/2317-050-758D0E55/World-map-descriptions-Herodotus-Black-Sea.jpg","altText":"Geography & Travel","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/17/2317-050-758D0E55/World-map-descriptions-Herodotus-Black-Sea.jpg"}},{"id":6000,"title":"World History","url":"World-History","description":"Does history really repeat itself, or can we learn from the mistakes of those who came before us? History provides a chronological, statistical, and cultural record of the events, people, and movements that have made an impact on humankind and the world at large throughout the ages.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/05/84505-050-8BB58BE6/cave-art-Ennedi-Plateau-Chad.jpg","altText":"World History","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/05/84505-050-8BB58BE6/cave-art-Ennedi-Plateau-Chad.jpg"}}],"mainCategory":{"id":1000,"title":"Science","url":"Science","description":"How can the sky be blue one day and stormy the next? Why do heavy objects tend to fall downwards when dropped? How are birds able to fly (and why can’t I do the same?)? Human beings have long been curious about the world in which we live, striving to identify connections among the phenomenons we witness and to understand how it all works. The field of science has developed over many centuries as a way of studying and understanding the world, beginning with the primitive stage of simply noting important regularities in nature and continuing through the rise of modern science. The modern-day sciences cover a vast range of fields, including biology, chemistry, meteorology, astronomy, physics, and much more.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg","altText":"Science","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg"}},"typeDisplayName":"Demystified"},{"id":4330,"title":"10 Important Dates in Pluto History","url":"/list/10-important-dates-in-pluto-history","description":"Planet or not, Pluto has made its mark.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/05/172305-131-0C37A9F2/Pluto-Changing-Faces-surface-view-photographs-NASA-2003.jpg","altText":"Pluto. The Changing Faces of Pluto. Most detailed view to date of the entire surface of the dwarf planet Pluto, as constructed from multiple NASA Hubble Space Telescope photographs taken from 2002 to 2003.","credit":"M. Buie (Southwest Research Institute)/ESA/NASA","width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/05/172305-131-0C37A9F2/Pluto-Changing-Faces-surface-view-photographs-NASA-2003.jpg"},"type":"LIST","breadcrumb":{"homeLink":null,"items":[{"title":"List","url":"/list/browse"},{"title":"Science","url":"/list/browse/Science"}],"lastItemTitle":"Science"},"superCategory":{"id":6,"title":"Science & Tech","url":"Science-Tech","description":"Explore science and technology; astronomy; biology; chemistry; earth science; mathematics; physics; technology, agriculture, cars, computers, engineering, industry, inventions, communication","keywords":"astronomy; biology; chemistry; earth science; mathematics; physics; technology, agriculture, cars, computers, engineering, industry, inventions, communication","classId":"SCIENCE","sortOrder":2},"hashtags":["astronomy","space exploration","solar system","Pluto"],"hashtagsString":"astronomy, space exploration, solar system, Pluto","displayDate":[2015,7,13],"urlTitle":"10-important-dates-in-pluto-history","featureSubType":"REGULAR","categories":[{"id":1000,"title":"Science","url":"Science","description":"How can the sky be blue one day and stormy the next? Why do heavy objects tend to fall downwards when dropped? How are birds able to fly (and why can’t I do the same?)? Human beings have long been curious about the world in which we live, striving to identify connections among the phenomenons we witness and to understand how it all works. The field of science has developed over many centuries as a way of studying and understanding the world, beginning with the primitive stage of simply noting important regularities in nature and continuing through the rise of modern science. The modern-day sciences cover a vast range of fields, including biology, chemistry, meteorology, astronomy, physics, and much more.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg","altText":"Science","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg"}},{"id":2000,"title":"Technology","url":"Technology","description":"Humankind has long striven to improve its living conditions through the development of tools, instruments, and transportation and communications systems, all with the goal of making our lives easier, more productive and—why not?—more fun, too. Thanks to human curiosity and technological research, many significant inventions have been made throughout history that in turn made a difference in our daily lives.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/84/203584-131-357FBE7D/speed-internet-technology-background.jpg","altText":"Technology","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/84/203584-131-357FBE7D/speed-internet-technology-background.jpg"}},null],"mainCategory":{"id":1000,"title":"Science","url":"Science","description":"How can the sky be blue one day and stormy the next? Why do heavy objects tend to fall downwards when dropped? How are birds able to fly (and why can’t I do the same?)? Human beings have long been curious about the world in which we live, striving to identify connections among the phenomenons we witness and to understand how it all works. The field of science has developed over many centuries as a way of studying and understanding the world, beginning with the primitive stage of simply noting important regularities in nature and continuing through the rise of modern science. The modern-day sciences cover a vast range of fields, including biology, chemistry, meteorology, astronomy, physics, and much more.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg","altText":"Science","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/86/193986-050-7B2DBB6A/ball-and-stick-model-structure-atoms.jpg"}},"typeDisplayName":"List"},{"id":9111,"title":"How Many Electoral College Votes Does Each U.S. State Have?","url":"/story/how-many-electoral-college-votes-does-each-us-state-have","description":"Every U.S. presidential election is determined by the electoral college. Find out how many votes each state has.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/68/220368-131-C835E48E/United-States-electoral-college-votes-by-state.jpg","altText":"United States Electoral College votes by state","credit":"Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc./Kenny Chmielewski","width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/68/220368-131-C835E48E/United-States-electoral-college-votes-by-state.jpg"},"type":"STORY","breadcrumb":{"homeLink":null,"items":[{"title":"Spotlight","url":"/stories/spotlight"},{"title":"Politics, Law & Government","url":"/stories/spotlight/Politics-Law-Government"}],"lastItemTitle":"Politics, Law & Government"},"superCategory":{"id":5,"title":"History & Society","url":"History-Society","description":"Explore history and society; accidents and disasters; the age of revolutions; the ancient world; historic dynasties; global exploration; the middle ages; the modern world; prehistory; US history; world history; wars and battles; sociology; religion and philosophy; humanities; ethics; anthropology; festivals and holidays; human rights; human migration; international relations; politics, law, and government","keywords":"accidents and disasters; the age of revolutions; the ancient world; historic dynasties; global exploration; the middle ages; the modern world; prehistory; US history; world history; wars and battles; sociology; religion and philosophy; humanities; ethics; anthropology; festivals and holidays; human rights; human migration; international relations; politics, law, and government","classId":"HISTORY","sortOrder":1},"hashtags":["spotlight","infographic","electoral college","United States","U.S. presidency","U.S. presidential election","votes","states"],"hashtagsString":"spotlight, infographic, electoral college, United States, U.S. presidency, U.S. presidential election, votes, states","displayDate":[2021,12,15],"urlTitle":"how-many-electoral-college-votes-does-each-us-state-have","featureSubType":"SPOTLIGHT","categories":[{"id":9000,"title":"Politics, Law & Government","url":"Politics-Law-Government","description":"The world today is divided territorially into more than 190 countries, each of which possesses a national government that claims to exercise sovereignty and seeks to compel obedience to its will by its citizens. Governments can be classified in any number of ways. For example, they might be classified by the number of rulers, thus distinguishing government by one (as in a monarchy or a tyranny) from government by the few (in an aristocracy or oligarchy) and from government by the many (as in a democracy). Governments can also be classified by mode of succession; for example, ascension to governmental leadership may follow the rules of hereditary succession, or it may be determined through elections or by force. Governments also vary in terms of the laws and rules of conduct that each political entity follows.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/22/99622-050-E70BCD0A/Parthenon-Athens.jpg","altText":"Politics, Law & Government","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/22/99622-050-E70BCD0A/Parthenon-Athens.jpg"}},null,null],"mainCategory":{"id":9000,"title":"Politics, Law & Government","url":"Politics-Law-Government","description":"The world today is divided territorially into more than 190 countries, each of which possesses a national government that claims to exercise sovereignty and seeks to compel obedience to its will by its citizens. Governments can be classified in any number of ways. For example, they might be classified by the number of rulers, thus distinguishing government by one (as in a monarchy or a tyranny) from government by the few (in an aristocracy or oligarchy) and from government by the many (as in a democracy). Governments can also be classified by mode of succession; for example, ascension to governmental leadership may follow the rules of hereditary succession, or it may be determined through elections or by force. Governments also vary in terms of the laws and rules of conduct that each political entity follows.","image":{"id":0,"url":"/22/99622-050-E70BCD0A/Parthenon-Athens.jpg","altText":"Politics, Law & Government","credit":null,"width":null,"height":null,"fullUrl":"https://cdn.britannica.com/22/99622-050-E70BCD0A/Parthenon-Athens.jpg"}},"typeDisplayName":"Spotlight"}]},"byline":null,"citationInfo":null,"websites":null,"freeTopicReason":"COUNTRY_IS_FREE","articleSchemaMarkup":{"keywords":"dehydration","wordcount":0,"url":"https://www.britannica.com/science/dehydration-physics-and-chemistry","description":"Other articles where dehydration is discussed: duricrust: Factors involved in duricrust formation: …that are capable of promoting dehydration and hardening of ferricrusts, whether before, during, or after stripping of the overlying soil, include the destruction of forest and lowering of the water table, both of which can occur in several ways. Aside from clearance by humans, forest destruction, for example, may be…","publisher":{"name":"Encyclopedia Britannica","@type":"Organization","logo":{"url":"https://corporate.britannica.com/wp-content/themes/eb-corporate/_img/logo.png","@type":"ImageObject"}},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"article"},"studentArticle":false,"initialLoad":true}

      dehydration

      Directory

      References

      Discover

      Which Religion Is the Oldest?

      26 Decade-Defining Events in U.S. History

      How Do You Tell the Difference Between Total, Annular, Solar, and Lunar Eclipses?

      Why Do Some Cicadas Appear Only Every 17 Years?

      What Is an Aftershock?

      10 Important Dates in Pluto History

      How Many Electoral College Votes Does Each U.S. State Have?


      physics and chemistry

      Learn about this topic in these articles:

      Assorted References

      • formation of duricrust
        • In duricrust: Factors involved in duricrust formation

          …that are capable of promoting dehydration and hardening of ferricrusts, whether before, during, or after stripping of the overlying soil, include the destruction of forest and lowering of the water table, both of which can occur in several ways. Aside from clearance by humans, forest destruction, for example, may be…

          Read More
      • natural gas processing
        • Dehydration | physics and chemistry (12)

          In natural gas: Dehydration

          In a simple compression gas-processing plant, field gas is charged to an inlet scrubber, where entrained liquids are removed. The gas is then successively compressed and cooled. As the pressure is increased and the temperature reduced, water vapour in the gas condenses. If liquid…

          Read More
      • refrigeration
        • Dehydration | physics and chemistry (13)

          In food preservation: Refrigeration

          …of modern mechanical refrigeration—that of dehydration of foods due to moisture condensation—has been overcome through humidity control mechanisms within the storage chamber and by appropriate packaging techniques.

          Read More

      reaction types

        • acid-catalyzed
          • Dehydration | physics and chemistry (14)

            In acid–base reaction: Isomerization of olefins, acid-catalyzed

            Reversible dehydration of alcohols, acid-catalyzed. Under the influence of acids, alcohols generally undergo loss of water to give olefinic products. The dehydration of ethanol to ethylene occurs as follows:

            Read More
        • alcohols
          • Dehydration | physics and chemistry (15)

            In alcohol: Dehydration to alkenes

            Converting an alcohol to an alkene requires removal of the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom on the neighbouring carbon atom. Because the elements of water are removed, this reaction is called a dehydration. Dehydrations are most commonly carried out by warming…

            Read More
        • elimination reaction
          • In elimination reaction

            …an alcohol, is known as dehydration; when both leaving atoms are hydrogen atoms, the reaction is known as dehydrogenation. Elimination reactions are also classified as E1 or E2, depending on the reaction kinetics. In an E1 reaction, the reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of the substance to be…

            Read More
        • metabolism
          • Dehydration | physics and chemistry (16)

            In metabolism: Fatty acids

            In [66] β-hydroxybutyryl-S-ACP is dehydrated (i.e., one molecule of water is removed), in a reaction catalyzed by enoyl-ACP-hydrase, and then undergoes a second reduction, [67], in which reduced NADP+ again acts as the electron donor. The products of [66] are crotonyl-S-ACP and water. The products of [67], which is…

            Read More
        Dehydration | physics and chemistry (2024)

        FAQs

        What does dehydration do in chemistry? ›

        “Dehydration reactions can be defined as the chemical reactions in which a water molecule is eliminated from the reactant molecule. The process of combination of two molecules with the elimination of water molecules is called dehydration synthesis.”

        What is the result of a dehydration reaction? ›

        A dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which the reactant loses two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom, which then form a water molecule as one of the products. The other product is the reactant minus two hydrogens and an oxygen.

        Why am I still dehydrated but drink a lot of water? ›

        It's because your body might be unable to absorb the water you are drinking. The main culprit here is low electrolyte levels, and trust us, this has nothing to do with the amount of fluid you are losing through sweat, workouts, or urine.

        Is dehydration E1 or E2? ›

        Dehydration of alcohols can follow E1 or E2 mechanisms. For primary alcohols, the elimination reaction follows E2 mechanism while for secondary and tertiary alcohol elimination reaction follows E1 mechanism.

        Why are hydrates important in chemistry? ›

        The hydration process has enormous significance for chemical reactions. This is primarily because in many reactions water is present to on extent or another, as water is the main and most popular solvent among all substances.

        What does hydration do in chemistry? ›

        In chemistry, a hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water. In organic chemistry, water is added to an unsaturated substrate, which is usually an alkene or an alkyne.

        Is dehydration a chemical change? ›

        In chemistry, a dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion. Dehydration reactions are common processes, the reverse of a hydration reaction.

        What are the results of dehydration? ›

        Key points about dehydration

        Symptoms can include thirst, dry mouth, and less urine. Mild dehydration can cause problems with blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature. Severe dehydration can also cause weakness or confusion. In extreme cases, it can lead to kidney damage, brain damage and even death.

        What happens in case of dehydration? ›

        Dehydration can lead to serious complications, including: Heat injury. If you don't drink enough fluids when you're exercising vigorously and perspiring heavily, you may end up with a heat injury, ranging in severity from mild heat cramps to heat exhaustion or potentially life-threatening heatstroke.

        Does chugging water hydrate you? ›

        We grab a bottle of water and guzzle it down, often in one go, to satisfy that thirst. But that's not really the best way to hydrate, says Lindsay Baker, PhD, a senior principal scientist at the Gatorade Sports Science Institute. “In general, it's best to sip a little bit throughout the day,” Baker says.

        What is the fastest way to cure dehydration? ›

        The fastest way to cure dehydration is to drink fluids, particularly those that contain electrolytes, such as sports drinks or oral rehydration solutions. People unable to drink properly due to medical conditions may require IV hydration for faster results.

        What illness causes constant dehydration? ›

        Certain disorders such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and Addison disease can increase the excretion of urine and thereby lead to dehydration.

        Which alcohol cannot be dehydrated? ›

        Therefore, ethanol can be oxidized by potassium dichromate but cannot be dehydrated.

        What are the three levels of dehydration? ›

        Dehydration occurs when your body does not have as much water and fluids as it needs. Dehydration can be mild, moderate, or severe, based on how much of your body's fluid is lost or not replaced. Severe dehydration is a life-threatening emergency.

        Why do I feel so dehydrated after drinking alcohol? ›

        Mild dehydration: Alcohol suppresses the release of vasopressin, a hormone produced by the brain that sends signals to the kidneys causing them to retain fluid. As a result, alcohol increases urination and excess loss of fluids.

        What is the purpose of dehydrating? ›

        Removing moisture from foods makes them smaller and lighter. Dehydrated foods are ideal for backpacking, hiking, and camping because they weigh much less than their non-dried counterparts and do not require refrigeration. Drying food is also a way of preserving seasonal foods for later use.

        What is the purpose of a dehydrating agent in chemistry? ›

        A dehydrating agent, actually acts as a reactant. It helps formation of a new substance by removing some parts of the other reactant as water. It effectively decomposes the other reactant by breaking chemical bonds.

        What does the process of dehydration do? ›

        Dehydration occurs when your body loses more fluid than you take in. When the normal water content of your body is reduced, it upsets the balance of minerals (salts and sugar) in your body, which affects the way it functions. Water makes up over two-thirds of the healthy human body.

        What is the effect of dehydration? ›

        Dehydration can lead to severe complications, such as seizures, swelling of the brain, kidney failure, shock, coma and even death. Signs and symptoms of dehydration include: Headache. Dizziness or lightheadedness.

        Top Articles
        Latest Posts
        Article information

        Author: Greg O'Connell

        Last Updated:

        Views: 5533

        Rating: 4.1 / 5 (62 voted)

        Reviews: 93% of readers found this page helpful

        Author information

        Name: Greg O'Connell

        Birthday: 1992-01-10

        Address: Suite 517 2436 Jefferey Pass, Shanitaside, UT 27519

        Phone: +2614651609714

        Job: Education Developer

        Hobby: Cooking, Gambling, Pottery, Shooting, Baseball, Singing, Snowboarding

        Introduction: My name is Greg O'Connell, I am a delightful, colorful, talented, kind, lively, modern, tender person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.