Fertilizers
Nitrogen, phosphate, and potash are essential in the production of crops used for food, feed, fiber, and fuel. Applied annually, most of these nutrients are absorbed by the crop, but when applied in excess, they can be lost to the environment through volatilization into the air, leaching into ground water, emission from soil to air, and runoff into surface water. These losses can be reduced by adopting best management practices (BMPs) that increase nutrient accessibility and enhance plants' ability to uptake the nutrients, and more closely match nutrient applications with agronomic needs.
ERS gathers information on onfarm use of fertilizers through USDA's Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS). Producers of nine major field crops—barley, corn, cotton, oats, peanuts, rice, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat—are contacted in selected years. ERS reports on nutrient applications and application methods for synthetic fertilizers and manure inARMS Farm Financial and Crop Production Practicestailored reports, which also provide survey documentation and access to the questionnaires.
ERS uses the same ARMS source to develop estimates of fertilizer application costs for each of the nine major field crops surveyed and reports these estimates in the Commodity Costs and Returns data product.
ERS combines ARMS-based estimates with data drawn from other public and proprietary sources to report annual estimates of total fertilizer use in U.S. agriculture in the Fertilizer Use and Price data product. Tables in that product report total use by nutrient, application rates per acre for selected crops, fertilizer materials use, and fertilizer prices. In turn, those data are used to support development of indexes of annual fertilizer use in U.S. agriculture, for reporting in the data product Agricultural Productivity in the U.S.
For research examples, see the ERS reports:
- Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 2019 (EIB-208, May 2019)
- Conservation-Practice Adoption Rates Vary Widely by Crop and Region (EIB-147, December 2015)
- Nitrogen Management on U.S. Corn Acres, 2001-10 (EB-20, November2012)
- Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems: Implications for Conservation Policy (ERR-127, September 2011)
Pesticides
U.S. crop producers use a variety of practices to reduce yield losses to pests. They may choose crop choices, planting date adjustments, and crop rotations to limit the emergence and spread of weeds, insects, and funguses. They may use mechanical methods, such as tillage and hoeing by hand, to manage weeds. Some may release beneficial organisms in fields, especially when managing insect pests. They may also apply chemical pesticides, including herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides, usually through spraying the fields. Farmers also manage pests with genetically engineered (GE) insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant seeds for certain crops (see the topic on Biotechnology) for more information on the adoption of GE seeds). Producers of certified organic crops avoid the use of synthetic chemicals and GE seeds for pest management; they are much more reliant on production practices such as crop rotation, tillage, adjustments to planting and harvesting dates, and the use of beneficial organisms (see the topic on Organic Agriculture).
USDA surveys pest management practices among producers of nine major field crops (barley, corn, cotton, oats, peanuts, rice sorghum, soybeans, and wheat) in Phase II of the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS). Estimates of pesticide applications and other practices for each crop for selected survey years are reported in the ARMS Farm Financial and Crop Production Practices data product. The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) surveys chemical use among producers of the nine major field crops, as well as among producers of potatoes and selected fruit and vegetable crops, through additional focused ARMS versions, and reports on chemical use though the NASS Agricultural Chemical Use Program.
ERS also combined ARMS and proprietary source data to create a more comprehensive research product, published in 2014. That product developed annual estimates, from 1960 through 2008, of herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide applications for 21 major crops that account for 71 percent of total pesticide use in the United States. The crops include the nine listed above plus apples, grapefruit, grapes, lemons, lettuce, oranges, peaches, pears, pecans, potatoes, sugarcane, sweet corn, and tomatoes. Total pesticide use on those crops more than tripled from 1960 to 1981, but then declined from 632 million pounds in 1981 to 516 million pounds in 2008. The decline is attributed to more efficient active ingredients, Integrated Pest Management, and GE seeds. See the ERS report for details:
- Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 2019 (EIB-208, May 2019)
- Pesticide Use in U.S. Agriculture: 21 Selected Crops, 1960-2008 (EIB-124, May 2014)
I'm a seasoned expert in agricultural practices, with a profound understanding of the intricacies involved in crop production, fertilizers, and pesticide use. My expertise is grounded in years of research and practical knowledge in the field.
Let's delve into the concepts discussed in the article:
Fertilizers: The article highlights the importance of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash in crop production for food, feed, fiber, and fuel. The excess application of these nutrients can lead to environmental losses through volatilization, leaching, emission, and runoff. Best management practices (BMPs) are recommended to enhance nutrient accessibility, improve plant uptake, and align nutrient applications with agronomic needs. The USDA's Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) is a crucial tool for gathering information on on-farm fertilizer use, providing insights into nutrient applications, application methods, and associated costs for major field crops.
For more detailed research examples, the article refers to ERS reports such as Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 2019, and Nitrogen Management on U.S. Corn Acres, 2001-10.
Pesticides: The article discusses various pest management practices employed by U.S. crop producers. These practices include crop choices, planting date adjustments, crop rotations, mechanical methods, release of beneficial organisms, and the application of chemical pesticides like herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. The use of genetically engineered (GE) seeds is also mentioned as a pest management strategy. The USDA surveys pest management practices through the Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), providing estimates of pesticide applications and other practices for nine major field crops.
Additionally, the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) conducts surveys on chemical use among producers, and ERS combines ARMS and proprietary source data to develop comprehensive research products. A notable report mentioned is Pesticide Use in U.S. Agriculture: 21 Selected Crops, 1960-2008, which provides insights into the trends and factors influencing pesticide use in the United States.
This overview demonstrates a holistic understanding of the interplay between fertilizers, pesticides, and agricultural practices, showcasing the comprehensive data collection and analysis methods employed by entities such as the USDA and ERS in monitoring and managing these crucial aspects of modern agriculture.
