Thyme: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (2024)

Abe, S., Sato, Y., Inoue, S., Ishibashi, H., Maruyama, N., Takizawa, T., Oshima, H., and Yamaguchi, H. [Anti-Candida albicans activity of essential oils including Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil and its component, citral]. Nippon Ishinkin.Gakkai Zasshi 2003;44(4):285-291. View abstract.

Abirami, C. P. and Venugopal, P. V. Antifungal activity of three mouth rinses--in vitro study. Indian J Pathol.Microbiol 2005;48(1):43-44. View abstract.

Adamczyk, S., Lazaro, R., Perez-Arquillue, C., Conchello, P., and Herrera, A. Evaluation of residues of essential oil components in honey after different anti-varroa treatments. J Agric Food Chem 12-28-2005;53(26):10085-10090. View abstract.

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Affonso, V. R., Bizzo, H. R., Lage, C. L., and Sato, A. Influence of growth regulators in biomass production and volatile profile of in vitro plantlets of Thymus vulgaris L. J Agric Food Chem 7-22-2009;57(14):6392-6395. View abstract.

Agnihotri, S. and Vaidya, A. D. A novel approach to study antibacterial properties of volatile components of selected Indian medicinal herbs. Indian J Exp.Biol. 1996;34(7):712-715. View abstract.

Ait, M'barek L., Ait, Mouse H., Jaafari, A., Aboufatima, R., Benharref, A., Kamal, M., Benard, J., El Abbadi, N., Bensalah, M., Gamouh, A., Chait, A., Dalal, A., and Zyad, A. Cytotoxic effect of essential oil of thyme (Thymus broussonettii) on the IGR-OV1 tumor cells resistant to chemotherapy. Braz.J Med Biol Res 2007;40(11):1537-1544. View abstract.

Alam, K., Nagi, M. N., Badary, O. A., Al Shabanah, O. A., Al Rikabi, A. C., and Al Bekairi, A. M. The protective action of thymol against carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity in mice. Pharmacol Res 1999;40(2):159-163. View abstract.

ALBERTSEN, K. and HEINTZELMANN, F. Mercuric chloride and thymol precipitation in plasma and serum. Acta Med Scand. 1950;136(4):313-315. View abstract.

ALBERTSEN, K. and HEINTZELMANN, F. The influence of heparin on the precipitation of serum proteins by mercuric chloride and thymol. Acta Med Scand. 1950;136(4):316-321. View abstract.

Albuquerque, M. R., Costa, S. M., Bandeira, P. N., Santiago, G. M., Andrade-Neto, M., Silveira, E. R., and Pessoa, O. D. Nematicidal and larvicidal activities of the essential oils from aerial parts of Pectis oligocephala and Pectis apodocephala Baker. An.Acad.Bras.Cienc. 2007;79(2):209-213. View abstract.

Ali-Shtayeh, M. S., Al Nuri, M. A., Yaghmour, R. M., and Faidi, Y. R. Antimicrobial activity of Micromeria nervosa from the Palestinian area. J Ethnopharmacol 1997;58(3):143-147. View abstract.

Alonso, W. R. and Croteau, R. Purification and characterization of the monoterpene cyclase gamma-terpinene synthase from Thymus vulgaris. Arch Biochem.Biophys. 5-1-1991;286(2):511-517. View abstract.

Alwas-Danowska, H. M., Huysmans, M. C., and Verdonschot, E. H. Effects of alternating and direct electrical current application on the odontoblastic layer in human teeth: an in vitro study. Int Endod.J 1999;32(6):459-463. View abstract.

Alzoreky, N. S. and Nakahara, K. Antibacterial activity of extracts from some edible plants commonly consumed in Asia. Int J Food Microbiol. 2-15-2003;80(3):223-230. View abstract.

Amer, A. and Mehlhorn, H. Larvicidal effects of various essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex larvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Parasitol.Res. 2006;99(4):466-472. View abstract.

Amer, A. and Mehlhorn, H. Persistency of larvicidal effects of plant oil extracts under different storage conditions. Parasitol.Res. 2006;99(4):473-477. View abstract.

Anamura, S., Dohi, T., Shirakawa, M., Okamoto, H., and Tsujimoto, A. Effects of phenolic dental medicaments on prostaglandin synthesis by microsomes of bovine tooth pulp and rabbit kidney medulla. Arch Oral Biol 1988;33(8):555-560. View abstract.

Andersen, A. Final report on the safety assessment of sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, p-chloro-m-cresol, chlorothymol, mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol, isopropyl cresols, thymol, o-cymen-5-ol, and carvacrol. Int J Toxicol. 2006;25 Suppl 1:29-127. View abstract.

Anderson, R. C. and Anderson, J. H. Respiratory toxicity of fabric softener emissions. J Toxicol.Environ Health A 5-26-2000;60(2):121-136. View abstract.

Anderson, R. C., Krueger, N. A., Byrd, J. A., Harvey, R. B., Callaway, T. R., Edrington, T. S., and Nisbet, D. J. Effects of thymol and diphenyliodonium chloride against Campylobacter spp. during pure and mixed culture in vitro. J Appl.Microbiol 2009;107(4):1258-1268. View abstract.

Andre, C., Gharbi, T., and Guillaume, Y. C. A novel stationary phase based on amino derivatized nanotubes for HPLC separations: theoretical and practical aspects. J Sep.Sci 2009;32(10):1757-1764. View abstract.

Apak, R., Guclu, K., Ozyurek, M., Esin, Karademir S., and Ercag, E. The cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of some herbal teas. Int.J Food Sci.Nutr. 2006;57(5-6):292-304. View abstract.

Araujo, A. M., Naspitz, G. M., Chelotti, A., and Cai, S. Effect of Cervitec on mutans streptococci in plaque and on caries formation on occlusal fissures of erupting permanent molars. Caries Res 2002;36(5):373-376. View abstract.

Archana, P. R., Nageshwar, Rao B., Ballal, M., and Satish Rao, B. S. Thymol, a naturally occurring monocyclic dietary phenolic compound protects Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts from radiation-induced cytotoxicity. Mutat.Res 2009;680(1-2):70-77. View abstract.

Ariana, A., Ebadi, R., and Tahmasebi, G. Laboratory evaluation of some plant essences to control Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae). Exp Appl Acarol. 2002;27(4):319-327. View abstract.

Arnal-Schnebelen B, Hadji-Minaglou F, Peroteau J, Ribeyre F, and de Billerbeck VG. Essential oils in infectious gynaecological disease: a statistical study of 658 cases. International Journal of Aromatherapy 2004;14(4):192-197.

Arras, G. and Usai, M. Fungitoxic activity of 12 essential oils against four postharvest citrus pathogens: chemical analysis of thymus capitatus oil and its effect in subatmospheric pressure conditions. J Food Prot. 2001;64(7):1025-1029. View abstract.

ASHFORD, A., SHARPE, C. J., and STEPHENS, F. F. Thymol basic ethers and related compounds: central nervous system depressant action. Nature 3-9-1963;197:969-971. View abstract.

Astani, A., Reichling, J., and Schnitzler, P. Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils. Phytother.Res 2010;24(5):673-679. View abstract.

Astudillo, A., Hong, E., Bye, R., and Navarrete, A. Antispasmodic activity of extracts and compounds of Acalypha phleoides Cav. Phytother.Res 2004;18(2):102-106. View abstract.

Attin, R., Tuna, A., Attin, T., Brunner, E., and Noack, M. J. Efficacy of differently concentrated chlorhexidine varnishes in decreasing Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts. Arch Oral Biol 2003;48(7):503-509. View abstract.

Austgulen, L. T., Solheim, E., and Scheline, R. R. Metabolism in rats of p-cymene derivatives: carvacrol and thymol. Pharmacol Toxicol 1987;61(2):98-102. View abstract.

Aydin, S., Basaran, A. A., and Basaran, N. The effects of thyme volatiles on the induction of DNA damage by the heterocyclic amine IQ and mitomycin C. Mutat.Res 3-7-2005;581(1-2):43-53. View abstract.

Azaz, A. D., Irtem, H. A., Kurkcuoglu, M., and Baser, K. H. Composition and the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of some Thymus species. Z Naturforsch.C. 2004;59(1-2):75-80. View abstract.

Azirak, S. and Rencuzogullari, E. The in vivo genotoxic effects of carvacrol and thymol in rat bone marrow cells. Environ Toxicol. 2008;23(6):728-735. View abstract.

Azizan, A. and Blevins, R. D. Mutagenicity and antimutagenicity testing of six chemicals associated with the pungent properties of specific spices as revealed by the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay. Arch.Environ.Contam Toxicol. 1995;28(2):248-258. View abstract.

Azuma, Y., Ozasa, N., Ueda, Y., and Takagi, N. Pharmacological studies on the anti-inflammatory action of phenolic compounds. J Dent.Res. 1986;65(1):53-56. View abstract.

Babaei, M., Abarghoei, M. E., Ansari, R., Vafaei, A. A., Taherian, A. A., Akhavan, M. M., Toussy, G., and Mousavi, S. Antispasmodic effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Thymus vulgaris on the guinea-pig ileum. Nat.Prod.Res 2008;22(13):1143-1150. View abstract.

Baca, P., Clavero, J., Baca, A. P., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, M. P., Bravo, M., and Valderrama, M. J. Effect of chlorhexidine-thymol varnish on root caries in a geriatric population: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Dent. 2009;37(9):679-685. View abstract.

Baca, P., Junco, P., Bravo, M., Baca, A. P., and Munoz, M. J. Caries incidence in permanent first molars after discontinuation of a school-based chlorhexidine-thymol varnish program. Community Dent.Oral Epidemiol. 2003;31(3):179-183. View abstract.

Baca, P., Munoz, M. J., Bravo, M., Junco, P., and Baca, A. P. Effectiveness of chlorhexidine-thymol varnish for caries reduction in permanent first molars of 6-7-year-old children: 24-month clinical trial. Community Dent.Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30(5):363-368. View abstract.

Baca, P., Munoz, M. J., Bravo, M., Junco, P., and Baca, A. P. Effectiveness of chlorhexidine-thymol varnish in preventing caries lesions in primary molars. J Dent.Child (Chic.) 2004;71(1):61-65. View abstract.

Bagamboula, C. F., Uyttendaele, M., and Debevere, J. Antimicrobial effect of spices and herbs on Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. J Food Prot. 2003;66(4):668-673. View abstract.

Balavoine, G. G. and Geletii, Y. V. Peroxynitrite scavenging by different antioxidants. Part I: convenient assay. Nitric.Oxide. 1999;3(1):40-54. View abstract.

Banoczy, J., Gombik, A., Szoke, J., and Nasz, I. Effect of an antibacterial varnish and amine-fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2) toothpaste on Streptococcus mutans counts in saliva and dental plaque of children. J Clin.Dent. 1995;6(2):131-134. View abstract.

Baranauskiene, R., Venskutonis, P. R., Viskelis, P., and Dambrauskiene, E. Influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and composition of thyme (Thymus vulgaris). J Agric Food Chem 12-17-2003;51(26):7751-7758. View abstract.

Barbosa, L. N., Rall, V. L., Fernandes, A. A., Ushimaru, P. I., da, Silva Probst, I, and Fernandes, A., Jr. Essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria in minced meat. Foodborne.Pathog.Dis. 2009;6(6):725-728. View abstract.

Bazylko, A. and Strzelecka, H. A HPTLC densitometric determination of luteolin in Thymus vulgaris and its extracts. Fitoterapia 2007;78(6):391-395. View abstract.

Beddows, C. G., Jagait, C., and Kelly, M. J. Preservation of alpha-tocopherol in sunflower oil by herbs and spices. Int.J Food Sci.Nutr. 2000;51(5):327-339. View abstract.

Beer, A. M., Lukanov, J., and Sagorchev, P. Effect of Thymol on the spontaneous contractile activity of the smooth muscles. Phytomedicine 2007;14(1):65-69. View abstract.

Begrow, F., Engelbertz, J., Feistel, B., Lehnfeld, R., Bauer, K., and Verspohl, E. J. Impact of thymol in thyme extracts on their antispasmodic action and ciliary clearance. Planta Med 2010;76(4):311-318. View abstract.

Behnia, M., Haghighi, A., Komeylizadeh, H., Tabaei, S. J., and Abadi, A. Inhibitory effects of Iranian Thymus vulgaris extracts on in vitro growth of Entamoeba histolytica. Korean J Parasitol. 2008;46(3):153-156. View abstract.

Belan, P. V., Verkhratskii, A. N., Pronchuk, N. F., and Tepikin, A. V. [Use of a microfluorometric method for measuring free calcium in the cytoplasm of isolated cultured rat cardiomyocytes]. Fiziol.Zh. 1989;35(6):39-45. View abstract.

BENEDEK, T. FRAGMENTA MYCOLOGICA. IV. USE OF THYMOL AS AN ACARICIDAL AGENT AGAINST INFESTATION OF FUNGUS CULTURES AND MYCOTHECA WITH ACARI (MITES). Mycopathol.Mycol.Appl. 5-20-1963;19:87-93. View abstract.

Bennis, S., Chami, F., Chami, N., Bouchikhi, T., and Remmal, A. Surface alteration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced by thymol and eugenol. Lett.Appl.Microbiol. 2004;38(6):454-458. View abstract.

Berova, N., Stransky, L., and Krasteva, M. Studies on contact dermatitis in stomatological staff. Dermatol.Monatsschr. 1990;176(1):15-18. View abstract.

Bevilacqua, A., Corbo, M. R., and Sinigaglia, M. Combined effects of modified atmosphere packaging and thymol for prolonging the shelf life of caprese salad. J Food Prot. 2007;70(3):722-728. View abstract.

Bhatia, K. S. and Singh, J. Mechanism of transport enhancement of LHRH through porcine epidermis by terpenes and iontophoresis: permeability and lipid extraction studies. Pharm Res 1998;15(12):1857-1862. View abstract.

Bi, X., Guo, N., Jin, J., Liu, J., Feng, H., Shi, J., Xiang, H., Wu, X., Dong, J., Hu, H., Yan, S., Yu, C., Wang, X., Deng, X., and Yu, L. The global gene expression profile of the model fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced by thymol. J Appl.Microbiol 2010;108(2):712-722. View abstract.

Bimczok, D., Rau, H., Sewekow, E., Janczyk, P., Souffrant, W. B., and Rothkotter, H. J. Influence of carvacrol on proliferation and survival of porcine lymphocytes and intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Toxicol.In Vitro 2008;22(3):652-658. View abstract.

Bittar, E. E. and Brown, D. The influence of thymol on the sodium efflux in barnacle muscle fibres. Experientia 10-15-1973;29(10):1239-1240. View abstract.

Bizhang, M., Seemann, R., Romhild, G., Chun, Y. H., Umland, N., Lang, H., and Zimmer, S. Effect of a 40% chlorhexidine varnish on demineralization of dentin surfaces in situ. Am.J Dent. 2007;20(3):193-197. View abstract.

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Bonjar, G. H. Inhibition of Clotrimazole-resistant Candida albicans by plants used in Iranian folkloric medicine. Fitoterapia 2004;75(1):74-76. View abstract.

Boskabady, M. H., Aslani, M. R., and Kiani, S. Relaxant effect of Thymus vulgaris on guinea-pig tracheal chains and its possible mechanism(s). Phytother.Res 2006;20(1):28-33. View abstract.

Botelho, M. A., Nogueira, N. A., Bastos, G. M., Fonseca, S. G., Lemos, T. L., Matos, F. J., Montenegro, D., Heukelbach, J., Rao, V. S., and Brito, G. A. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogens. Braz.J Med Biol Res 2007;40(3):349-356. View abstract.

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Bouchra, C., Achouri, M., Idrissi Hassani, L. M., and Hmamouchi, M. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of seven Moroccan Labiatae against Botrytis cinerea Pers: Fr. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;89(1):165-169. View abstract.

Boudry, G. and Perrier, C. Thyme and cinnamon extracts induce anion secretion in piglet small intestine via cholinergic pathways. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;59(3):543-552. View abstract.

Boyd, E. M. and Sheppard, E. P. A bronchomucotropic action in rabbits from inhaled menthol and thymol. Arch Int Pharmacodyn.Ther. 1969;182(1):206-214. View abstract.

Bozin, B., Mimica-Dukic, N., Simin, N., and Anackov, G. Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils. J Agric.Food Chem. 3-8-2006;54(5):1822-1828. View abstract.

Braga, P. C., Alfieri, M., Culici, M., and Dal Sasso, M. Inhibitory activity of thymol against the formation and viability of Candida albicans hyphae. Mycoses 2007;50(6):502-506. View abstract.

Braga, P. C., Culici, M., Alfieri, M., and Dal Sasso, M. Thymol inhibits Candida albicans biofilm formation and mature biofilm. Int J Antimicrob.Agents 2008;31(5):472-477. View abstract.

Braga, P. C., Dal Sasso, M., Culici, M., Bianchi, T., Bordoni, L., and Marabini, L. Anti-inflammatory activity of thymol: inhibitory effect on the release of human neutrophil elastase. Pharmacology 2006;77(3):130-136. View abstract.

Braga, P. C., Dal Sasso, M., Culici, M., Galastri, L., Marceca, M. T., and Guffanti, E. E. Antioxidant potential of thymol determined by chemiluminescence inhibition in human neutrophils and cell-free systems. Pharmacology 2006;76(2):61-68. View abstract.

Braga, P. C., Sasso, M. D., Culici, M., and Alfieri, M. Eugenol and thymol, alone or in combination, induce morphological alterations in the envelope of Candida albicans. Fitoterapia 2007;78(6):396-400. View abstract.

Brailsford, S. R., Fiske, J., Gilbert, S., Clark, D., and Beighton, D. The effects of the combination of chlorhexidine/thymol- and fluoride-containing varnishes on the severity of root caries lesions in frail institutionalised elderly people. J Dent. 2002;30(7-8):319-324. View abstract.

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Brandstetter, S., Berthold, C., Isnardy, B., Solar, S., and Elmadfa, I. Impact of gamma-irradiation on the antioxidative properties of sage, thyme, and oregano. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2009;47(9):2230-2235. View abstract.

Bratthall, D., Serinirach, R., Rapisuwon, S., Kuratana, M., Luangjarmekorn, V., Luksila, K., and Chaipanich, P. A study into the prevention of fissure caries using an antimicrobial varnish. Int Dent.J 1995;45(4):245-254. View abstract.

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Brenner, S. The march of thyme. Curr.Biol 4-22-1999;9(8):R267. View abstract.

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Brownell, G. H. and Crockett, J. K. Inactivation of nocardiophages phi C and phi EC by extracts of bacteriophage-attachable cells. J Virol. 1971;8(6):894-899. View abstract.

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Buccellato, G. and Valguarnera, G. [Studies of the anti-HeLa phenomenon in the blood of subjects with skin neoplasms treated with paramethyl-isopropyl-phenol (thymol)]. Boll.Soc.Ital.Biol Sper. 3-31-1969;45(6):343-345. View abstract.

Buechi, S., Vogelin, R., von Eiff, M. M., Ramos, M., and Melzer, J. Open trial to assess aspects of safety and efficacy of a combined herbal cough syrup with ivy and thyme. Forsch.Komplementarmed.Klass.Naturheilkd. 2005;12(6):328-332. View abstract.

Burley, L. M., Fell, R. D., and Saacke, R. G. Survival of honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) spermatozoa incubated at room temperature from drones exposed to miticides. J Econ.Entomol. 2008;101(4):1081-1087. View abstract.

Burt, S. A., van der, Zee R., Koets, A. P., de Graaff, A. M., van Knapen, F., Gaastra, W., Haagsman, H. P., and Veldhuizen, E. J. Carvacrol induces heat shock protein 60 and inhibits synthesis of flagellin in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. 2007;73(14):4484-4490. View abstract.

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Camurca-Vasconcelos, A. L., Bevilaqua, C. M., Morais, S. M., Maciel, M. V., Costa, C. T., Macedo, I. T., Oliveira, L. M., Braga, R. R., Silva, R. A., and Vieira, L. S. Anthelmintic activity of Croton zehntneri and Lippia sidoides essential oils. Vet.Parasitol. 9-30-2007;148(3-4):288-294. View abstract.

Carraminana, J. J., Rota, C., Burillo, J., and Herrera, A. Antibacterial efficiency of Spanish Satureja montana essential oil against Listeria monocytogenes among natural flora in minced pork. J Food Prot. 2008;71(3):502-508. View abstract.

Carvalho, A. F., Melo, V. M., Craveiro, A. A., Machado, M. I., Bantim, M. B., and Rabelo, E. F. Larvicidal activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides Cham. Against Aedes aegypti linn. Mem.Inst.Oswaldo Cruz 2003;98(4):569-571. View abstract.

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Cavalcanti, S. C., Niculau, Edos S., Blank, A. F., Camara, C. A., Araujo, I. N., and Alves, P. B. Composition and acaricidal activity of Lippia sidoides essential oil against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Bioresour.Technol. 2010;101(2):829-832. View abstract.

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Cetin, H., Erler, F., and Yanikoglu, A. A comparative evaluation of Origanum onites essential oil and its four major components as larvicides against the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams. Pest.Manag.Sci. 2007;63(8):830-833. View abstract.

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Chen, J., Ahn, K. C., Gee, N. A., Gee, S. J., Hammock, B. D., and Lasley, B. L. Antiandrogenic properties of parabens and other phenolic containing small molecules in personal care products. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol 6-15-2007;221(3):278-284. View abstract.

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