Pundits are no doubt sharpening their pencils over the prospect that the Standard & Poor’s 500-stock index is about to form a technical pattern called a “death cross.” And a death cross, as the name would suggest, should be quite deadly for stocks.
But is it?
The problem is that death crosses are quite unreliable signals in the stock market. Sometimes they do forecast a major selloff ahead. But other times they actually mark good buy signals.
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What’s a Death Cross?
A death cross occurs when a shorter-term moving average (more on that in a second) crosses, or moves below, a longer-term moving average. Put another way, it is when a short trend heads lower while a longer trend is still heading higher.
As with all signals in the stock market (and in life), the short-term condition always reacts faster to external stimuli than the long-term condition. The idea is that it gives investors an early warning signal that a bull market is gone and a bear market is beginning.
A moving average is a technical tool that investors use in conjunction with charts. While there are many variations on their construction, the basic idea is to find an average value for the underlying stock or index over a desired period of time. If the current price for the stock or index is above the average price, then the market is bullish, and vice versa.
(Image credit: Getty Images)
The average “moves” over time as the window for the data used in the calculations shifts forward each period. For example, in a 50-day moving average, the calculation uses data from the past 50 days. The next day, it starts fresh and samples data from 50 days back from that day.
Each day has its own value for the average price. If that average value moves higher over time, it becomes a proxy for a rising or bullish trend in the market. If it moves lower over time, then the trend is falling or bearish.
Chartists look at the interplay of two moving averages to add an extra dimension to the analysis. Crossovers between the two are supposed to signal important changes in the trend.
For whatever reason – whether it was deliberate study of parameter selection or laziness in using the default settings in their software – chartists settled into 50- and 200-day moving averages as the standard for a death crosses, also known as black crosses. The converse version of the pattern, called a “golden cross,” also uses the same pair of averages and signals bullishness when the 50-day crosses above the 200-day.
But Does It Work?
Historically, death crosses have signaled pending bear markets and continued to keep investors out of the market as prices fell. However, they have not been not so good with corrections.
The problem? We can’t know if a decline is a correction or a bear market as it begins. Therefore, death crosses prove valuable only some of the time.
Why, then, are we so enamored with the signal? Is it just the name that keeps us interested?
More likely, it is the belief that one event will actually “ring the bell” and forecast the market for us.
It is easy to see that when the signal works, it really works. It triggered reliable sell signals at the end of the Internet bubble in 2000, just ahead of the financial crisis in 2008, and it sure looks as if the pending cross in 2018 after a long bull run will be just as good.
Conversely, golden crosses in 1982, 2003 and 2009 at the beginning of respective bull markets are still strong in investor memories.
But what we all collectively forget is the number of times these signals did not work. For example, in 1987, the death cross happened on Nov. 5, 14 trading days after the crash and 16 days after the initial technical breakdown. In more recent, and less dramatic, examples, death crosses formed after the bulk of corrections in 2010 and 2011 occurred, and just about when the S&P 500 was at its lows. Buying, not selling, would have produced substantial gains within weeks of the signal.
That’s because averages, by their very nature, are lagging indicators. They use data from the recent past. The longer the average, the farther back in time its data. That is why analysts use two averages to follow the interplay of short- and long-term trends to create more current signals.
Perhaps a pair of shorter-term averages might have differentiated between these corrections and bear markets. After all, corrections are shorter-term moves than bear markets.
Most of the Market Already Crossed
While everyone obsesses over the pending death cross in the S&P 500, they seem to have missed the fact that the S&P MidCap 400 Index of mid-capitalization stocks, the Russell 2000 Index of small-cap stocks and the New York Stock Exchange Composite Index all crossed in mid-November. Both the key bank and semiconductor sectors crossed in October. And the overall market is still standing.
Is that a testament to the resilience in the big stocks of the S&P 500? Or rather that the stock market is so diverse with so many ways to slice and dice it that conflicting signals are not just possible, but likely?
We should not rely on one isolated event to determine our investment stance. Understand what the crossover of two averages means, but make it but one part of your investment strategy.
If the short-term average is above the long-term, the odds that a portfolio will perform as expected is higher. And when the short average is below the long average, more caution is warranted; only the fittest companies should be on your radar screen.
This is not to say that the economy cannot sour, trade talks break down or interest rates skyrocket, which can cause the next bear market. But we can cross that bridge when we come to it. Chances are the charts will offer additional clues about the pending decline at the same time to confirm the changes that may be ahead.
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