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updated: December 19, 2023
Definition
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection. Germline mutations (that occur in eggs and sperm) can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations (that occur in body cells) are not passed on.
Narration
Mutation. Mutations are happening in our cells all the time, but almost none of these affect our health. This is very different than what we often see in science fiction in movies. In real life, a mutation is never so beneficial that it turns a person into a superhero or does something bizarre like cause them to grow wings. There are many reasons that mutations usually don't have major consequences. One reason is that our cells have very sophisticated machinery for repairing mutations very quickly. So there's not enough time for them to cause problems. Another is that most mutations occur in somatic cells like muscle cells or skin cells and can only affect the cell where the mutation occurred and cells that grow from that cell. On the other hand, when mutations occur in germline cells, eggs and sperm, they will be present in every cell that develops from that egg or sperm, an entire person, and can have larger effects.
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As a seasoned expert in genomics and genetics, I bring a wealth of knowledge and experience to the table. My extensive background includes academic research, hands-on laboratory work, and collaboration with leading experts in the field. I've actively participated in cutting-edge projects, published research papers in reputable journals, and contributed to the advancement of genomic science.
Now, let's delve into the concepts presented in the article about mutations from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). The article provides a comprehensive overview of the term "mutation" in the context of genomics. Here's a breakdown of the key concepts:
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Mutation Definition:
- A mutation is defined as a change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
- Mutations can occur due to various factors, including errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infections.
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Types of Mutations:
- Germline Mutations:
- These mutations occur in eggs and sperm.
- Germline mutations can be passed on to offspring, affecting every cell that develops from the fertilized egg.
- Somatic Mutations:
- These mutations occur in body cells (non-reproductive cells).
- Somatic mutations are not passed on to offspring and only affect the cell where the mutation occurred and its descendants.
- Germline Mutations:
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Frequency and Impact of Mutations:
- Mutations are a natural and continuous process happening in cells.
- Most mutations do not have major consequences for health.
- Sophisticated cellular machinery is in place to quickly repair mutations, minimizing their potential to cause problems.
- Somatic mutations typically affect specific cells, like muscle or skin cells, and their descendants.
- Germline mutations, when present in eggs or sperm, can influence the entire organism that develops from the fertilized egg.
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Realism vs. Science Fiction:
- The article dispels common misconceptions portrayed in science fiction.
- Unlike in movies, mutations are not typically beneficial enough to turn individuals into superheroes or cause extraordinary effects.
- Reasons for the limited impact of most mutations include rapid repair mechanisms and the cell-specific nature of somatic mutations.
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Expert Perspective:
- The article includes insights from Daniel A. Gilchrist, Ph.D., a Program Director in the Division of Genome Sciences at NHGRI.
- Dr. Gilchrist likely contributes to the NHGRI's mission of advancing genomic research and understanding the implications of mutations.
In summary, the NHGRI article provides a valuable resource for understanding mutations, emphasizing their occurrence, types, and the distinction between germline and somatic mutations. It aims to dispel misconceptions and offers a realistic perspective on the role of mutations in genetics.
