How to Invest Your 401(k) - NerdWallet (2024)

Nothing is more central to your retirement plan than your 401(k). It represents the largest chunk of most retirement nest eggs.

How to invest your 401(k)

Come to terms with risk

Some people think investing is too risky, but the risk is actually in holding cash. That’s right: You’ll lose money if you don’t invest your retirement savings.

Let’s say you have $10,000. Uninvested, it could be worth less than half that in 30 years, factoring in inflation. But invest 401(k) money at a 7% return, and you’ll have over $75,000 by the time you retire — and that’s with no further contributions. (You can use our 401(k) calculator to do the math.)

Clearly you’re better off putting your cash to work. But how? The answer is a careful asset allocation, the process of deciding where your money will be invested. Asset allocation spreads out risk. Stocks — often called equities — are the riskiest way to invest; bonds and other fixed-income investments are the least risky. Just as you wouldn’t park your life savings in cash, you wouldn’t bet it all on a spectacular return from a startup IPO.

Instead, you want a road map that allows for the appropriate amount of risk and keeps you pointed in the right long-term direction.

Know how much risk you’re comfortable with

Investors who have decades to save should take more risk early on and gradually dial it down as retirement approaches. As a rule of thumb, you can subtract your age from 110 or 100 to find the percentage of your portfolio that should be invested in equities; the rest should be in bonds. Using 110 will lead to a more aggressive portfolio; 100 will skew more conservative.

Of course, a rule of thumb doesn’t take other factors into consideration — namely, your risk tolerance. Consider how you'll react if the market gets rocky and your portfolio begins to lose value. If you’re the type to jump ship, you may want to take a little less risk. If you live for that kind of thrill, you might take more. (We have a risk tolerance quiz here.)

Decide on your 401(k) investments

401(k)s tend to have a small investment selection that’s curated by your plan provider and your employer. You’re not selecting individual stocks and bonds (whew!), but mutual funds — ideally ETFs or index funds — that pool your money along with that of other investors to buy small pieces of many related securities.

Stock funds are divided into categories. Your 401(k) will probably offer at least one fund in each of the following categories: U.S. large cap — which refers to the value of the companies within — U.S. small cap, international, emerging markets and, in some plans, alternatives such as natural resources or real estate. Diversify your portfolio by spreading the portion you’ve allocated to equities among these funds.

That might mean putting 50% of your equity allocation into a U.S. large cap fund, 30% into an international fund, 10% into a U.S. small cap fund and spreading the remainder among categories such as emerging markets and natural resources.

The bond selection in 401(k)s tends to be even more narrow, but generally you’ll be offered a total bond market fund. If you have access to an international bond fund, you might put a bit of your savings in there to diversify globally.

You can search for risk ratings for specific funds on your plan provider’s website or on Morningstar.com.

Minimize expense ratios

Expense ratios are the fees carried by investments, and they range widely. They’re charged as a percentage of the amount invested.

You might find your 401(k) offers only one choice in some of the above categories, but when you have a selection, you should generally pick the lowest-cost option — often an index fund. Index funds invest by tracking an index, such as the S&P 500, so they’re less expensive than a mutual fund, which is actively managed by a professional. You’ll pay for that person to pull the levers, and it often doesn’t translate into better returns.

Even small differences in fees can have a huge effect over time. Say you’ve invested $100,000 at a 7% annual return: A fund with a 0.80% expense ratio could eat up $70,000 more of your returns over 30 years than a fund with a 0.40% expense ratio.

Expense ratios are disclosed on each fund’s page on your 401(k) plan provider website, as well as in the fund’s prospectus.

Know when to outsource

If you’ve fallen asleep by now, or you’re paralyzed with fear, you’d probably benefit from a little more help. You have a few options, all of which may cost slightly more than a DIY approach — but then again, it’s hard to put a price on peace of mind.

One is a target date fund, available in virtually all 401(k)s. These funds have a year in their names, designed to correspond to the year you plan to retire. If you’re 30, you might pick a 2050 fund. You put all of your 401(k) money in this fund, which diversifies for you and automatically takes less risk as you approach that year.

Another option, which may be superior to a target-date fund, is a robo-advisor or an online planning service. Some robo-advisors will weigh in on or answer questions about your 401(k). Online planning services, including many of the ones on our list of the best financial advisors, offer low-cost access to human advisors and provide comprehensive guidance on your finances, including how to invest your 401(k).