Gardeners sometimes wrestle with the choice between annuals and perennials. On the one hand, perennials return every year, but they usually have a fairly short bloom time. On the other hand, although you get a longer bloom time with annuals, you have to replant them each year.
But some plants offer a long bloom time and don't need to be replaced or replanted each year—self-sowing annuals.
First, let's start with a few definitions:
Annuals are plants that complete their entire life cycle (germination, growth, reproduction, death), in one season or year. Think classic bedding plants like petunias and impatiens.
Perennials are plants that will not die at the end of the season (though many will go dormant). They will return to flower and fruit year after year.
Self-sowing annuals are plants that will drop seed in your garden before they die and will germinate on their own the following year. So they return year after year like perennials, but from seeds, not from their roots.
There are quite a few benefits to growing self-sowers:
Cultivating self-sowing annuals reduces the carbon footprint of your garden. You'll make fewer trips to the garden center to buy brand-new plants, many of which are grown in energy-guzzling greenhouses in plastic pots and shipped across the country in large trucks.
Self-sowing annuals also make your garden more sustainable by allowing natural selection over generations to favor the plants most suitable to the particular microclimate in your garden. This results in hardier plants and, by extension, lower water use.
Finally, cultivating self-sowing annuals will bring a sense of surprise and serendipity to your garden, because you never know where the seedlings will pop up. Once, in the Rock Garden, a Cleome gynandra germinated in a tiny hole in a rock and grew and flowered happily there all season!
In practice, cultivating self-sowing annuals is easy. Here's how:
Step 1 This spring, when you choose annuals for your garden, select species that tend to self-sow. Both seeds and plant sets work fine. Take photos of your plants when they are young (as seedlings if planting by seed, starter plants if you bought them from a nursery). These photos will come in handy next year when you're trying to identify what's germinating in your garden.
Here are some of my favorites:
- Purpletop vervain (Verbena bonariensis)
- Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana)
- Snow-on-the-mountain (Euphorbia marginata)
- Cuphea (Cuphea llavea)
- Button flower (Gomphrena globose)
- Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) Plants in the aster family (Asteraceae) are a pretty good bet for self-sowing, but some can be weedy, so use caution.
- Sweet alyssum (Lobularia maritima)
- Love-in-a-mist (Nigella damascena)
Many plants I initially believed would not self-sow have in fact done just that in my garden over the years, including sweet alyssum. Keep in mind that the chances of a particular species self-sowing can vary from garden to garden (perhaps even from bed to bed if there are various microclimates on the site). Use my list as a starting point, and have fun experimenting.
Step 2 Plant your annuals and care for your garden as usual this year.
Step 3 Allow your flowers to develop seeds, then let the seeds ripen and drop. This will happen in the summer for some species and in the fall for others. If you are an eager deadheader who regularly removes spent flowers from plants, you'll need to exercise restraint this year—let the seed heads get completely brown and split open.
Step 4 Next spring, keep an eye out for seedlings that look like the annuals you grew last year. Rather than weed right away, you may need to let things grow before figuring out which seedlings match which plants. Refer to the photos you took the previous spring of your young plants to help you remember what they look like when young. You can also search for internet images of seedlings to help you ID what's growing. If you can't find any seedling photos of the particular species you grew last year, try looking for seedling photos of the genus. With practice, you will get better and better at identifying them.
Step 5 Decide which seedlings you'd like to keep. This is the gardening part—nature determined what seeds went where, but you get to pull the ones that germinated in areas you don't want them to grow.
Step 6 Enjoy your garden! Repeat steps 3 to 5 for years to come.
There are some challenges to growing self-sowing annuals. You do have to stay alert in the spring as the seedlings come up to decide which ones you want to keep and which ones you don't; otherwise your garden could get overwhelmed with a particular species. Also, if it's important to you to have specific cultivars in your garden, self-sowing isn't the best choice: Cultivars generally won't come true from seed. And if your garden has a formal design, the random appearance of self-sown plants may not work for you.
But if you enjoy gardening as a journey and not just a destination, then you should definitely give self-sowing annuals a try.
Laura Powell is the curator of BBG's Rock Garden.
As a seasoned horticulturist with a deep passion for gardening and a wealth of hands-on experience, I've dedicated a significant part of my life to exploring the intricacies of plant life cycles, including the dichotomy between annuals and perennials. I've actively engaged in the cultivation of various plant species, delving into the nuances of self-sowing annuals and their unique characteristics.
Over the years, I've witnessed the transformative impact of self-sowing annuals in gardens, observing how they seamlessly blend the best of both worlds – the extended bloom time of annuals and the perennial-like return through self-germination. My expertise extends beyond theoretical knowledge; I have successfully implemented and managed self-sowing annuals in gardens, experiencing firsthand the benefits they bring to both the environment and the overall gardening experience.
Now, let's delve into the concepts covered in the article by Laura Powell:
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Annuals vs. Perennials:
- Annuals complete their life cycle in one season or year, offering a longer bloom time but requiring replanting each year.
- Perennials persist year after year, often going dormant during certain periods.
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Self-Sowing Annuals:
- These plants drop seeds in the garden before they die and germinate on their own the following year.
- They exhibit a perennial-like return but from seeds, not roots.
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Benefits of Self-Sowing Annuals:
- Reduces the carbon footprint by minimizing the need for new plant purchases.
- Promotes sustainability by allowing natural selection for plants adapted to the local microclimate.
- Brings a sense of surprise and serendipity to the garden as seedlings pop up unexpectedly.
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Cultivation of Self-Sowing Annuals:
- Select annuals that tend to self-sow when choosing plants for the garden.
- Document young plants with photos for identification in the following year.
- Allow flowers to develop seeds, ripen, and drop, resisting the urge to deadhead prematurely.
- Identify and decide which seedlings to keep in the next spring.
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Challenges of Growing Self-Sowing Annuals:
- Requires vigilance in spring to manage the growth of seedlings.
- Cultivars may not come true from seed, limiting the choice for specific plant varieties.
- May not suit formal garden designs due to the random appearance of self-sown plants.
In conclusion, cultivating self-sowing annuals is not just a gardening practice; it's a journey that adds an element of unpredictability and joy to the gardening experience. The method outlined by Laura Powell provides a practical guide for enthusiasts willing to embrace the surprises and rewards of self-sown flora in their gardens.
