Dianthus, the “Divine Flower” (2024)

By Barbara Ott, Butte County Master Gardener, February 19, 2016.

References to the plant genus Dianthus go back as far as the Greek botanist Theophrastus. He named these plants from the Caryophyllaceae family “divine flower” (dios = divine plus anthos = flower). The Romans brought Dianthus to Europe and England, and from there these plants were eventually brought to the New World. As it moved to new places, this world-travelling plant acquired a variety of names, including sweet William, pinks, gillyflower, cottage pink, carnation and clove pink.

Sweet William by Kathy Keatley Garvey

A water-wise plant, Dianthus does not tolerate wet soils, needs good air irculation, and should not be heavily mulched, especially in winter. It grows outdoors and is winter-hardy to Zone 5. These plants need at least 6 hours of sunlight each day and can tolerate very sunny conditions. Dianthuses multiply readily, have a spicy fragrance, are good as cut flowers and are deer resistant. To keep these plants healthy, remove spent blooms on tall varieties, or shear back mounding plants after bloom to encourage re-bloom. After the first killing frost, cut stems back to an inch or two above the soil line.

Dianthus can contribute to garden design in many ways. Use dwarf and mat-forming varieties as edging for a border, in containers, in rock gardens, among patio pavers, as ground cover, or along rock walls. Medium-to-tall varieties are effective in flower borders, in gardens for cut flowers, and in front of shrubs. Combine Dianthus with plants that harmonize with its foliage and colors; good companions include coral bells, feverfew, lamb's-ear, larkspur, lavender, hardy geraniums, petunias, poppies, sage, and floribunda and shrub roses.

Dianthus is a culinary flower. Crystallized petals are used for decorating cakes, while fresh petals can be used in salads, pies, and sandwiches. It is important when using dianthus for culinary purposes to remove the petal base, which is quite bitter.

These varieties of Dianthus do well in our area:

Sweet William is biennial. It is covered with spicy-smelling, bi-colored flowers in late spring and grows 12 to 18 inches tall. This flower seeds freely. If you don't want seed set, conscientiously deadhead after bloom. But if you love a spontaneous surprise in the garden, sweet William's freely-seeding behavior can provide new plants year after year.
Cheddar and cottage pinks are perennial forms of Dianthus. Their foliage is blue-gray or green. Some varieties grow as low as 2 inches, others as tall as 16 inches. The low-growing varieties work well in rock gardens.
Dianthus (D. chinensis), while technically a biennial, is used as an annual. It is low- growing with green foliage, and flowers for up to 8 weeks in the spring.
Among the taller Dianthus, D. caryophyllus is the best known. This species includes the florists' carnation as well as border carnations.

All forms of Dianthus were characterized by short blooming seasons until 1971, when a breeder began to grow varieties that didn't set seed. These varieties typically bloom from May to October.

Historical Significance:

The article traces the roots of Dianthus back to the Greek botanist Theophrastus, showcasing a deep historical connection. The very name "Dianthus" is derived from Greek, with "dios" meaning divine and "anthos" meaning flower. This etymology, dating back to ancient times, reflects the enduring fascination with this genus.

Global Migration:

Dianthus has a rich journey through time and geography. The Romans introduced Dianthus to Europe and England, and from there, it found its way to the New World. The plant has embraced various identities, such as sweet William, pinks, gillyflower, cottage pink, carnation, and clove pink, as it traversed different regions.

Cultivation and Characteristics:

The article emphasizes Dianthus as a water-wise plant with specific environmental needs. It thrives in well-drained soils, requires good air circulation, and is particularly averse to heavy mulching in winter. The plant is resilient, with winter hardiness down to Zone 5. It demands a minimum of 6 hours of sunlight daily and exhibits a penchant for sunny conditions. Notably, Dianthuses are known for their prolific multiplication, enticing fragrance, suitability as cut flowers, and resistance to deer.

Gardening Tips:

Practical tips for maintaining Dianthus health are provided, including the removal of spent blooms for tall varieties and shearing back mounding plants post-bloom to stimulate re-blooming. A crucial piece of advice involves cutting stems back to an inch or two above the soil line after the first killing frost.

Landscape Integration:

Dianthus is highlighted as a versatile contributor to garden design. It finds application in edging, containers, rock gardens, patio settings, ground cover, and rock walls. The article recommends pairing Dianthus with compatible plants such as coral bells, feverfew, lamb's-ear, larkspur, lavender, geraniums, petunias, poppies, sage, and floribunda and shrub roses.

Culinary Use:

Surprisingly, Dianthus serves a culinary purpose. Crystallized petals can be used for cake decoration, while fresh petals enhance salads, pies, and sandwiches. A cautionary note is provided, emphasizing the removal of the petal base due to its bitterness.

Varieties:

The article introduces specific varieties of Dianthus suitable for the region, including Sweet William (biennial), Cheddar and cottage pinks (perennials), and Dianthus chinensis (used as an annual).

In conclusion, whether cultivating old-fashioned pinks, sweet William, or hybrid Dianthus, gardeners are encouraged to appreciate the water-wise nature and timeless allure of a plant that has graced gardens worldwide for millennia.