Decantation: Learn Definition, Steps, Procedure, Applications (2024)

Several processes are used to separate two substances in a mixture. These processes depend on the type of mixture. The mixture can be solid-solid, solid-liquid or liquid-liquid under types of solids and liquids. To separate a mixture that contains two immiscible liquids or a solid and a liquid, we use the processes of decantation. It separates the mixture by either drawing off the liquid without disturbing the sediments or by removing the top layer of two immiscible liquids.

To know more, go through the article, which covers all the concepts of this decantation process under a liquid state of matter. It covers the definition, procedure, applications, and much more.

Decantation

It is the process of separation of a solid and liquid mixture or separation of mixtures of immiscible liquids. For example, it separates water containing mud, oil and water, fat or grease on top of the soup. This process removes the top liquid layer from the layer below. It works on the basic principle that denser substances sink and less dense substances do not. It is an easy process that is usually used in our daily lives in different ways.

Glassware is used to perform decantation, which is called a decanter. It is of various designs. Another example of decantation is the separation of oil and vinegar. When we allow the mixture of oil and vinegar to settle, the vinegar sinks at the bottom, and the oil floats on top. After that, the two components are separated.

The below diagram illustrates perfectly how the process of decantation works:

Decantation Process

When we allow the mixture of oil and water to settle, water forms a layer at the bottom, and oil starts to float on top of the water layer. We can remove the top layer (oil) by simply pouring it into another vessel, leaving behind water. These two liquids get separated by this process, but sometimes it’s not very efficient because of some thin layer of the remaining oil. This remaining thin layer of oil cannot be easily separated from the mixture. To separate this remaining mixture efficiently, we use a separating funnel.

Separating Funnel

The separating funnel has a stopper at the top and a stop co*ck at the bottom. The bottom layer is collected, and the above layer remains in the vessel with the help of a stop co*ck.

We can only do separation with this method if one component of the mixture settles down easily. But we can’t separate the mixture where one of the components doesn’t settle. For such mixtures we use loading.

Loading

Loading is the process by which the separation of tiny impurities in liquid mixtures becomes faster. Sometimes the water is muddy and contains tiny impurities or fine clay particles. These particles are very small and take a long time to settle down. The separation of these particles is made fast and easy by the process of loading.

In this process, the alum particles are deposited in the mixture, and these particles get adhered to suspended clay particles of muddy water, which makes these particles heavier and they settle down rapidly. The top layer of water becomes clear, which is then poured into another beaker. The loaded particles stay behind in the first beaker.

Decantation Procedure To Separate Solid And Liquid

There are two kinds of separating procedures, which are as follows:

1. Separation of Solid-Liquid

In this procedure, the solid is first allowed to settle down at the bottom by the act of gravity. Then, the liquid is poured into another vessel. A centrifuge is also used in this process if the natural settling process is slow. The centrifuge can increase the speed of settling solid impurities as more force will act on them. In this procedure, loading is used. In loading, suspended contaminants are made heavier by adding alum that adds to them. After becoming heavier, those impurities settle down faster, making the liquid clear.

2. Immiscible Liquid Separation

This procedure is simple as it separates two liquids (Immiscible) that have different densities. When two immiscible liquids are mixed, they form two layers. The lighter liquid floats on the heavier one. So, both are separated by pouring out the top layer (lighter liquid) into another vessel. This procedure requires precession as it is very difficult to pour out the whole top layer without pouring the bottom layer. Oil and water are separated by using this procedure.

Difference Between Decantation and Sedimentation

Some key differences between decantation and sedimentation are listed below.

Applications Of Decantation

Decantation is a process that has several applications and uses in our day-to-day life. Some of those applications are mentioned below:

• It is used to purify water.
• It is used in the food industry to separate butter and cream and is also an important process in the processing of vinegar.
• It is also known to separate the glycerin from biodiesel and petroleum from seawater.
• It has several applications in medicine as it separates plasma and blood cells.
• It is also used in nanotechnology.

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