Now that we've reviewed basic grammatical concepts we can finally move on to translating actual Old English sentences.
We'll begin with personal pronouns. Since we can find many simple sentences that use them, and since they are so common, it makes sense to memorize them right away.
In Modern English the personal pronouns include: "I," "you," "he," "she," "it," "we," "they," "them," "us," "him," "her," "his," "hers," "its," "theirs," "our," "your."
Personal pronouns are used in statements and commands, but not in questions; interrogative pronouns (like "who," "whom," "what") are used there.
There are three persons for pronouns in Old English (first person = speaker; second person = person being addressed; third person = third party being spoken about). The third person has masculine, neuter, and feminine forms.
Like Modern English, Old English has both singular and plural forms for the personal pronouns. But Old English also has a dual form, used to indicate two closely associated persons -- two people working or fighting together, husband and wife, or lovers.
Remember that the case of a pronoun indicates how it functions in a sentence. Nominatives are subjects, genitives are possessive modifiers, accusatives are direct objects, and datives are objects of prepositions and indirect objects.
Paradigms: A paradigm is simply a list of all the possible grammatical forms of a word. It is usually arranged in a table, so that you can easily look up the forms that you need to translate. It is essential that you memorize your Old English paradigms so that you do not have to spend extra time flipping through your grammar book but can instead focus on translating.
Study tip: You can either memorize the paradigm visually, by creating a blank paradigm and filling in the boxes with the words you've memorized (this is the method that most students use for Old English), or, if you are a more aural learner, you can recite the paradigm so that you can memorize it. The most successful students often combine both of these methods. You can click here for blank paradigms that can be printed out.
First Person Personal Pronouns Paradigm
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ic = I | wit = we two | we = we |
| Genitive | min = mine | uncer = of us two (of ours) | user or ure = of us (our) |
| Accusative | me or mec = me (direct object) | uncor uncit = us two (direct object) | us or usic = us (direct object) |
| me = with me (or indirect object) | unc = with us two (or indirect object) | us = with us (or indirect object) |
Second Person Personal Pronouns Paradigm
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | þu = you (singular) | git = you two | ge = you (plural = "y'all" or "younz") |
| Genitive | þin = your (singular) | incer = of your two (yours) | eower = your (plural = "y'all's" or "younz's") |
| Accusative | þe or þec = you (direct object) | inc or incit = you two (direct object) | eow or eowic = you (direct object) |
| Dative or Instrumental | þe = with you (or indirect object) | inc = with you two (or indirect object) | eow = with you (or indirect object) |
Third Person Personal Pronouns Paradigm
| Case | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | All Genders Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | he = he | hit = it | heo or hie = she | hi or hie = they |
| Genitive | his = his | his = its | hire = hers | hira = theirs |
| Accusative | hine = him (direct object) | hit = it (direct object) | heo or hie = her (direct object) | hi or hie = them (direct object) |
| Dative or Instrumental | him = with him ( or indirect object) | him = with it (or indirect object) | hire = with her (indirect object) | him or heom = with them (or indirect object) |
Note:The genitive pronouns can be used adjectivally (i.e., as possessive adjectives), in which case they are declined the same way an adjective is.
Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns are question words: "who" and "what".
Who was the most important king of the West Saxons in the ninth century?
"Who" is an interrogative pronoun standing in for "he" (which would be used if the sentence were a statement) which would stand in for the answer to the question, "Alfred".
Note: Interrogative Pronouns have five (rather than four) case forms. The Instrumental case is here different from the Dative.
There are masculine and neuter forms. Masculine interrogative pronouns are used for both masculine and feminine nouns.
Interrogative Pronouns Paradigm
| Case | Masculine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | hwa = who | hwæt = what |
| Genitive | hwæs = of who | hwæs = of what (whose) |
| Accusative | hwone = whom (direct object) | hwæt = what (direct object) |
| Dative | hwæm or hwam = with whom (indirect object) | hwæm or hwam = with whom (indirect object) |
| Instrumental | hwi or hwon = by means of whom | hwi or hwon = by mean of what |
I'm a linguistics enthusiast with a deep understanding of Old English grammar and syntax. My expertise extends to the intricacies of personal pronouns, their forms, and usage in Old English. I've delved into the nuances of grammatical cases and paradigms, and I can confidently guide you through the translation process.
In the provided text, the author introduces the concept of personal pronouns in Old English, drawing parallels with Modern English. Personal pronouns are categorized into three persons: first person (speaker), second person (person being addressed), and third person (third party being spoken about). Notably, the third person has masculine, neuter, and feminine forms.
Similar to Modern English, Old English personal pronouns have singular and plural forms, but they also include a dual form, indicating two closely associated persons. This dual form is used for pairs like two people working together, husband and wife, or lovers.
The text emphasizes the importance of understanding the case of a pronoun, as it indicates its function in a sentence. The four cases discussed are nominative (subjects), genitive (possessive modifiers), accusative (direct objects), and dative (objects of prepositions and indirect objects).
Furthermore, the concept of paradigms is introduced. A paradigm is a comprehensive list of all possible grammatical forms of a word, arranged in a table for easy reference. Memorizing these paradigms is crucial for efficient translation, and the text provides study tips, suggesting visual memorization or aural recitation, or a combination of both.
To illustrate, the article provides paradigms for first, second, and third person personal pronouns in Old English, detailing their forms in different cases for singular, dual, and plural contexts.
Lastly, the text briefly touches on interrogative pronouns ("who" and "what") and introduces their paradigms. Notably, interrogative pronouns have five case forms, including the instrumental case, which differs from the dative.
In summary, this article serves as a comprehensive guide to personal pronouns in Old English, emphasizing their forms, cases, and the importance of paradigms for efficient translation.
