How much light is enough to light a room? Most designers and architects use two foundational principles of lighting design when planning and specifying lighting for any space:
- the qualitative (or aesthetic) aspect of light
- the quantitative (or engineering) aspect of light
Calculating for total lighting required is considered quantitative.
The lumen method is the most commonly used for calculating the total light output needed for your space. With this formula, you first establish the intended use of the space, then you measure its square footage.
This guide will help you understand the lumen method and how to calculate lighting for a room. If you are familiar with these concepts, you can jump directly to the lumens calculator below the table of contents. If you are new to this type of calculation, read the guide below the calculator to understand lumens and other concepts that play a role in adequately lighting a space.
Table of contents:
- Lumens Calculator
- Helpful Lighting Terms
- The Lumen Method – How to Calculate Lumens
- Footcandle Requirements for Various Applications
- Summary: Calculating Total Lumens Needed for a Room
- Factoring in Lumen Lighting Variables
- Accounting for Personal Taste
Lumens Calculator
Use this calculator to calculatethe lumens needed to light a room.
LUMEN/WATT CALCULATOR
Please note that these are estimations. For exact analysis, please consult a lighting design professional.
Helpful Lighting Terms
Lumen
Lumen output is a measurement of the total quantity of visible light emitted by a light source. It’s also commonly known as brightness or light output.
The reference point: A standard 100-watt incandescent light bulb produces about 1,500-1,700 lumens. Strictly speaking, 600 LED lumens provides the same amount of light as 600 incandescent lumens.
LED lights provide higher Color Rendering Index (CRI), so, while they more accurately reveal the colors of the subject being lighted, they don’t provide more light.
Wattage
Wattage is a measure of how much electricity (or energy) a light bulb consumes to achieve its lumen output.
Each type of light source — LED, fluorescent, halogen or incandescent bulbs — has a different lumen-to-watt ratio. If a 100-watt incandescent light produces 1,500 lumens, and a 10-watt LED light does the same, the 10-watt LED bulb may claim 100-watt equivalency and energy efficiency.
Here’s a lumen-to-watt chart. Please note that these ratios may vary slightly, even between different LED products.
Foot-candle
Foot-candle is the original measurement system for light intensity on a one-square-foot surface from a uniform source of light. In other words, a foot-candle is the light measured one foot away from a candle.
Considering the human-centric principles of lighting design, the IES (the largest society of professional lighting designers) provides a footcandle chart on how many foot-candles of light humans need to perform tasks comfortably in different spaces.
For example, for washing dishes, they recommend that your lighting provides 20 foot-candles of light at two feet, six inches off the floor. This is also referred to as the horizontal target.
The Lumen Method – How to Calculate Total Lumens Needed
- Determine room size by square footage. Multiply the length times the width of the room to get the room square footage. For example, if the room is 10 feet wide and 10 feet long, the room square footage will be 100 square feet.
- Establish the footcandle requirement for your application. Lighting requirements vary depending on the type of room being lit, also known as the application. For example, a bathroom or kitchen will require more footcandles than a living room or bedroom. Once you establish the intended use of your space, browse this footcandle chart for the IES-recommended footcandle requirement for your application.
- Multiply the room square footage by the footcandle requirement. For example, a 100 square-foot living room, which needs 20 foot-candles, will need 2,000 lumens. A 100 square-foot dining room, which needs 40 foot-candles, will require 4,000 lumens.
We’ve created a helpful guide to How Many Lumens You Need that walks you through this calculation in more detail.
Commercial Lighting Footcandle Requirements
| Room | Foot-candles Needed |
|---|---|
| Offices: Average Reading and Writing | 50-75 |
| Offices: Hallways | 10-20 |
| Offices: Rooms with Computers | 20-50 |
| Auditoriums / Assembly | 15-30 |
| Hospitals: General Areas | 10-15 |
| Hospitals: Labs / Treatment Rooms | 75-100 |
| Libraries | 50-100 |
| Schools | 30-100 |
Residential Lighting Footcandle Requirements
| Room | Foot-candles Needed |
|---|---|
| Living Room | 10-20 |
| Kitchen: General | 30-40 |
| Kitchen: Stove | 70-80 |
| Kitchen: Sink | 70-80 |
| Dining Room | 30-40 |
| Bedroom | 10-20 |
| Hallway | 5-10 |
| Bathroom | 70-80 |
Summary: Calculating Total Lumens Needed for a Room
Let’s recap how to gauge how much light you need for a space. Multiply your room square footage by the footcandle requirement. For example, a 100-square foot living room, which needs 20 foot candles, will need 2,000 lumens. A 100-square foot dining room, which needs 40 foot-candles, will need 4,000 lumens.
Download a Free Footcandle Chart »
Factoring in Lumen Lighting Variables
Ceiling Height Variable
Note: Only read this section if your ceiling height is taller than 10ft. If your ceiling height is below 10ft, the Lumen Method above and the lumens calculator below will be sufficient for determining the required light output for your application.
If you have high ceilings in a space, then you must account for that in your lumens calculation. You do that with a footcandle multiplier.
To calculate for your recommended footcandle multiplier, use the following formulas:
footcandles (fc) = cd ÷ h
cd = candlepower
h = distance between the lamp and the horizontal target
Once you determine your desired footcandle level, you multiply that by your room’s square footage.
Wall Color Variable
If you have especially dark-colored walls and furniture or if you’re using light fixtures with shades, you’ll need roughly an additional 10 lumens per square foot.
Lumens to Candlepower Conversion
Candlepower is a unit of measurement for luminous intensity. It expresses levels of light intensity relative to the light emitted by a candle of specific size and constituents.
The historical candlepower is equal to 1.02 candelas. In modern usage, candlepower is sometimes used as a synonym for candela.
Lumen output = C/0.07958
Accounting for Personal Taste
Personal preference will play a large rolein determining how much light you need in a space. If you like the room to be especially bright, you may want to add an additional 10-20% to our numbers and then install dimmers to adjust the light to desired levels.
When lighting is properly designed in a space, you notice the room and the objects in it. In other words, you notice what the lighting illuminates, not the lighting products themselves. Bad or deficient lighting design shows up as hot spots, dark spots and unintentional shadows.
Good or efficient lighting design accounts for total general and task lighting required for a space. Dynamic or superior lighting design factors the qualitative, human experience. It lights for vertical (not merely horizontal) visual impressions, such as walls — as well as ceilings with uplighting to minimize shadows and dark spots for smooth, streamlined and evenly distributed light.
Alcon Lighting creative director and co-founder David Hakimi works to improve lighting through research, development and education. David strives for efficiency in lighting, affording architects, lighting designers and engineers the ability to maximize LED lighting design and application.David is a graduate of the University of California, Los Angeles, where he received a Bachelors in history. David also studied lighting design at IES in Los Angeles. He traces his and Alcon Lighting’s commitment to innovation, accountability, quality and value to lessons learned from his father, Mike Hakimi, a lighting craftsman, salesman and consultant in Southern California for more than four decades.Today’s lighting for commercial use requires a deep, complete understanding of smart lighting systems and controls. David takes pride in his lighting, energy controls and design knowledge. He is driven by the desire to share his insights into lighting specification and application. This quest to share his knowledge was the impetus for David to create Insights, Alcon Lighting’s blog and resource center for helping the reader understand lighting and its application to space.
I'm David Hakimi, a creative director and co-founder at Alcon Lighting, specializing in lighting design and application. My expertise stems from extensive research, development, and education in the field of lighting. With a commitment to innovation, accountability, quality, and value, I've been working to improve lighting solutions for architects, lighting designers, and engineers.
In the realm of lighting design, two fundamental principles are widely employed: the qualitative (or aesthetic) aspect and the quantitative (or engineering) aspect. The latter involves calculating the total lighting required for a space, a process often approached using the lumen method. Let's delve into the key concepts discussed in the provided article:
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Lumen Method and Calculations:
- The lumen method is a widely used approach for determining the total light output needed for a space.
- Calculations involve establishing the intended use of the space and measuring its square footage.
- The formula considers the footcandle requirement for different applications to calculate the total lumens needed.
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Helpful Lighting Terms:
- Lumen: Measurement of visible light emitted by a light source, also known as brightness. LED lights may have higher Color Rendering Index (CRI) but don't necessarily provide more light.
- Wattage: Measure of electricity consumption to achieve a light bulb's lumen output.
- Foot-candle: Original measurement for light intensity on a one-square-foot surface, essential for human-centric lighting design.
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Calculating Total Lumens Needed:
- Determine room size by square footage.
- Establish the footcandle requirement based on the intended use of the space.
- Multiply room square footage by the footcandle requirement to find the total lumens needed.
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Lumen Lighting Variables:
- Ceiling Height Variable: Adjustments for spaces with ceiling heights above 10ft using a footcandle multiplier.
- Wall Color Variable: Additional lumens required for dark-colored walls or when using specific light fixtures.
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Personal Taste and Design Considerations:
- Personal preference influences the desired brightness level.
- Consider adding 10-20% more lumens if a brighter room is preferred.
- Efficient lighting design focuses on total general and task lighting for a space, creating a visually appealing environment.
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David Hakimi's Expertise and Insight:
- I emphasize efficiency in lighting design, utilizing LED technology for maximum impact.
- My commitment to research, education, and innovation is reflected in Alcon Lighting's approach to lighting solutions.
- Insights, Alcon Lighting's blog, serves as a valuable resource for understanding lighting and its application in different spaces.
In conclusion, understanding the interplay between qualitative and quantitative aspects of lighting design is crucial for creating well-lit, aesthetically pleasing spaces. The lumen method, along with considerations for variables and personal preferences, forms the foundation for effective lighting calculations and design.
